lavrova_n_a_a_coursebook_on_english_lexicology_angliiskaya_l
.pdfSouth African English Words |
Meaning |
Words used in British and American |
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English: |
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Aardvark |
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Apartheid |
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Eland |
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Trek |
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Veld |
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Words Restricted to South African |
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English: |
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Bakkie |
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Kloof |
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Lekker |
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Platteland |
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Verkrampter |
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voorkamer |
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Words from African Languages that |
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Have Entered South African English: |
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Gogga |
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Indaba |
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Muti |
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Sangoma |
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Tsotsi |
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Words form English that are Peculiar |
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to South Africa: |
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Bioscope |
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Bottle store |
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Camp |
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Matchbox |
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Robot |
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VI
English has been spoken in India since the seventeenth century. Nowadays it is the second official language of India, along with Hindi. Around 30 million people in India use English with some regularity (circa 4 per cent of the population).
Study the following groups of Indian English and say which of the words (if any) are used in British and/or American English:
131
Indian English words |
Meaning |
Words borrowed into Indian English |
|
from Portuguese: |
any of the four major hereditary class- |
Caste |
es, namely the Brahman, Kshatriya, |
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Vaisya, and Sudra into which Hindu |
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society is divided |
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Peon |
a Spanish-American farm labourer or |
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unskilled worker |
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Bamboo |
any tall treelike tropical or semitropi- |
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cal fast-growing grass of the genus |
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Bambusa |
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Curry |
a spicy dish of oriental, esp. of Indian |
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origin that is made in many ways but |
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usually consists of meat or fish pre- |
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pared in a hot piquant sauce |
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Mango |
a tropical Asian anacardiaceous ever- |
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green tree, Mangifera indica, cultivat- |
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ed in the tropics for its fruit |
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Pundit |
an expert |
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Sahib |
(in India) a form of address or title |
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placed after a man’s name or designa- |
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tion, used as a mark of respect |
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Arabic and Persian: |
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Mogul |
an important or powerful person |
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Sepoy |
(formerly) an Indian soldier in the ser- |
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vice of the British |
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Shroff |
a moneychanger or banker |
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Vakeel |
lawyer |
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132
Indian English words |
Meaning |
Words composed from one element of |
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English origin and one element from a |
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local language: |
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Grameen bank |
Village bank |
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Policewala |
Policeman |
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Tiffin box |
Lunch-box |
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English words that have developed |
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new meanings or have been adapted to |
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new forms: |
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Batch-mate |
Classmate |
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Drumstick |
Green vegetable |
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Condole |
Offer condolences |
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Head-bath |
Washing one’s hair |
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Prepone |
Opposite of postpone |
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VII
For almost a century Australia was used as a penal colony (from the end of the eighteenth till the middle of the twentieth century), the fact that partially determined the specifics of modern Australian English. When simultaneously free emigrants started to arrive in Australia, Australian English was enriched and variegated. Nowadays Australian English has around ten thousand distinct words taken from a variety of sources. The language of the first settlers was drawn from a number of British English dialects as well as underworld slang. These are such words as cobber (friend), dinkum (genuine), larrikin (hooligan), shake (steal). As settlers encountered new flora, fauna and geographical features, they either invented words for them or borrowed them from the aboriginal languages.
Study the Australian English words below and say what sphere of life they refer to:
133
Australian English Words |
Realia They Describe |
Dingo (brolga) – bird |
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Morwong – fish |
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Billabong – stagnant pool in a |
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stream |
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Dillybag – a small bag made of |
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plaited grass, often used for carry- |
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ing food |
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Outback – the remote bush country |
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of Australia |
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Backblocks – bush or remote farm- |
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ing area far distant from city ame- |
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nities |
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Stockman (squatter) – sheep or |
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cattle farmer |
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Rouseabout – unskilled labourer |
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Sundowner – tramp seeking shelter |
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at sundown |
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Fossick – search for gold in aban- |
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doned areas |
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Mullock – waste material from a |
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mine |
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Nugget – thick-set or stocky |
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VIII
A large influx of British settlers began to arrive in New Zealand starting from the middle of the nineteenth century, after the treaty of Waitangi with Maori chiefs in 1840 was signed. Words describing local geographical features, flora and fauna are taken from native Maori dialects. The other group of New Zealand words is represented by adaptations and extensions of British English words, these words have developed over the years.
Study the two groups below. Which of the words are familiar to you:
134
Words describing local geographi- |
New Zealand words represented by |
cal features, flora and fauna, and |
adaptations and extensions of Brit- |
words relating to Maori culture |
ish English words |
Kowai, totara – trees |
Back (clipped from bachelor) – a holi- |
|
day cottage |
Kumara – sweet potato |
Chilly bin – cool box |
|
|
Takahe – bird |
Private bag number – a post office box |
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Katipo – spider |
State house– council house |
Tuatara – lizard |
University graduation – a capping |
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ceremony |
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Ariki – chief |
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Haka – war dance |
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|
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Pa – village |
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Tangi – ceremonial funeral |
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Tohunga – Maori learned in tradi- |
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tional lore |
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Wahine – woman or wife |
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Waka – canoe |
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Pakeha – white person |
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Aroha – affection, sympathy |
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Kuri – an unpleasant person |
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Recommended reading:
Jackson H., Zé Amvela E. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. An Introduction to modern English Lexicology. – L.; N.Y.: Сontinuum, 2010.
Steinmetz S., Kipfer B.A. The Life of Language. The fascinating ways the words are born, live and die. – N.Y.; Toronto; L.: Random House Reference, 2006.
Stockwell R., Minkova D. English Words: History and Structure. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language. Second edition. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
135
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