Perthes(Current concept 2012)

TH E JO U R N A L O F BO N E & JO I N T SU R G E RY d J B J S .O R G VO LU M E 94-A d NU M B E R 7 d AP R I L 4, 2012

72.Inoue A, Freeman MA, Vernon-Roberts B, Mizuno S. The pathogenesis of Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:453-61.

73.Dolman CL, Bell HM. The pathology of Legg-Calve´-Perthes disease. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:184-8.

74.McKibbin B, Ralis´ Z. Pathological changes in a case of Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56:438-47.

75.Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the juvenile femoral head (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease). In: Milgram JW. Radiologic and histologic pathology of nontumorous diseases of bones and joints. Northbrook: Northbrook Pub Co; 1990. p 1093-113.

76.Ponseti IV. Legg-Perthes disease; observations on pathological changes in two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38:739-50.

77.Hofstaetter JG, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Kim HK. Increased matrix mineralization in the immature femoral head following ischemic osteonecrosis. Bone. 2010;46:379-85.

78.Kim HK, Su PH, Qiu YS. Histopathologic changes in growth-plate cartilage following ischemic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis. An experimental investigation in immature pigs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:688-97.

79.Koob TJ, Pringle D, Gedbaw E, Meredith J, Berrios R, Kim HK. Biomechanical properties of bone and cartilage in growing femoral head following ischemic osteonecrosis. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:750-7.

80.Pringle D, Koob TJ, Kim HK. Indentation properties of growing femoral head following ischemic necrosis. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:122-30.

81.Phemister DB. Treatment of the necrotic head of the femur in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31:55-66.

82.Aya-ay J, Athavale S, Morgan-Bagley S, Bian H, Bauss F, Kim HK. Retention, distribution, and effects of intraosseously administered ibandronate in the infarcted femoral head. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:93-100.

83.Kim HK, Morgan-Bagley S, Kostenuik P. RANKL inhibition: a novel strategy to decrease femoral head deformity after ischemic osteonecrosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1946-54.

84.Kim HK, Randall TS, Bian H, Jenkins J, Garces A, Bauss F. Ibandronate for prevention of femoral head deformity after ischemic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in immature pigs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:550-7.

85.Little DG, McDonald M, Sharpe IT, Peat R, Williams P, McEvoy T. Zoledronic acid improves femoral head sphericity in a rat model of perthes disease. J Orthop Res. 2005;23:862-8.

86.Little DG, Peat RA, Mcevoy A, Williams PR, Smith EJ, Baldock PA. Zoledronic acid treatment results in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:2016-22.

87.Carlson CS, Meuten DJ, Richardson DC. Ischemic necrosis of cartilage in spontaneous and experimental lesions of osteochondrosis. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:317-29.

88.McKibbin B, Holdsworth FW. The nutrition of immature joint cartilage in the lamb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966;48:793-803.

89.Kim HK, Bian H, Aya-ay J, Garces A, Morgan EF, Gilbert SR. Hypoxia and

HIF-1alpha expression in the epiphyseal cartilage following ischemic injury to the immature femoral head. Bone. 2009;45:280-8.

90.Kim HK, Bian H, Randall T, Garces A, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. Increased VEGF expression in the epiphyseal cartilage after ischemic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:2041-8.

91.Gerber HP, Vu TH, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Werb Z, Ferrara N. VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Nat Med. 1999;5:623-8.

92.Vandermeer JS, Kamiya N, Aya-ay J, Garces A, Browne R, Kim HK. Local administration of ibandronate and bone morphogenetic protein-2 after ischemic osteonecrosis of the immature femoral head: a combined therapy that stimulates bone formation and decreases femoral head deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;18:905-13.

93.Bergmann G, Deuretzbacher G, Heller M, Graichen F, Rohlmann A, Strauss J, Duda GN. Hip contact forces and gait patterns from routine activities. J Biomech. 2001;34:859-71.

94.Bergmann G, Graichen F, Rohlmann A. Hip joint loading during walking and running, measured in two patients. J Biomech. 1993;26:969-90.

95.Song KM, Bjornson KF, Cappello T, Coleman K. Use of the StepWatch activity monitor for characterization of normal activity levels of children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:245-9.

96.Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423:337-42.

PAT H O P H Y S I O LO G Y A N D NE W ST R AT E G I E S F O R T H E

TR E AT M E N T O F LE G G -CA LV ´ -PE RT H E S DI S E A S E

E

97.Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas P, Zoog HB, Austin M, Wang A, Kutilek S, Adami S, Zanchetta J, Libanati C, Siddhanti S, Christiansen C; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756-65.

98.Russell RG, Xia Z, Dunford JE, Oppermann U, Kwaasi A, Hulley PA, Kavanagh KL, Triffitt JT, Lundy MW, Phipps RJ, Barnett BL, Coxon FP, Rogers MJ, Watts NB, Ebetino FH. Bisphosphonates: an update on mechanisms of action and how these relate to clinical efficacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1117:209-57.

99.Kim HK, Sanders M, Athavale S, Bian H, Bauss F. Local bioavailability and distribution of systemically (parenterally) administered ibandronate in the infarcted femoral head. Bone. 2006;39:205-12.

100.Johannesen J, Briody J, McQuade M, Little DG, Cowell CT, Munns CF. Systemic effects of zoledronic acid in children with traumatic femoral head avascular necrosis and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Bone. 2009;45:898-902.

101.Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA. Bone morphogenetic proteins in musculoskeletal medicine. Injury. 2009;40 Suppl 3:S1-3.

102.Mont MA, Ragland PS, Biggins B, Friedlaender G, Patel T, Cook S, Etienne G, Shimmin A, Kildey R, Rueger DC, Einhorn TA. Use of bone morphogenetic proteins for musculoskeletal applications. An overview. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86 Suppl 2:41-55.

103.Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965;150:893-9.

104.Simank HG, Manggold J, Sebald W, Ries R, Richter W, Ewerbeck V, Sergi C. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and growth and differentiation factor-5 enhance the healing of necrotic bone in a sheep model. Growth Factors. 2001;19:247-57.

105.Tang TT, Lu B, Yue B, Xie XH, Xie YZ, Dai KR, Lu JX, Lou JR. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with hBMP-2-gene-modified tissue-engineered bone in goats. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:127-9.

106.Mont MA, Jones LC, Elias JJ, Inoue N, Yoon TR, Chao EY, Hungerford DS. Strutautografting with and without osteogenic protein-1: a preliminary study of a canine femoral head defect model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:1013-22.

107.Lieberman JR, Conduah A, Urist MR. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with core decompression and human bone morphogenetic protein. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;429:139-45.

108.Itoh K, Udagawa N, Katagiri T, Iemura S, Ueno N, Yasuda H, Higashio K, Quinn JM, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Suda T, Takahashi N. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulates osteoclast differentiation and survival supported by receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand. Endocrinology. 2001;142:3656-62.

109.Kamiya N, Ye L, Kobayashi T, Lucas DJ, Mochida Y, Yamauchi M, Kronenberg HM, Feng JQ, Mishina Y. Disruption of BMP signaling in osteoblasts through type IA receptor (BMPRIA) increases bone mass. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23: 2007-17.

110.Kaneko H, Arakawa T, Mano H, Kaneda T, Ogasawara A, Nakagawa M, Toyama Y, Yabe Y, Kumegawa M, Hakeda Y. Direct stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and expression of BMP receptors in mature osteoclasts. Bone. 2000;27:479-86.

111.Seeherman HJ, Li XJ, Bouxsein ML, Wozney JM. rhBMP-2 induces transient bone resorption followed by bone formation in a nonhuman primate core-defect model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:411-26.

112.Agarwala S, Jain D, Joshi VR, Sule A. Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip. A prospective open-label study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:352-9.

113.Agarwala S, Shah S, Joshi VR. The use of alendronate in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: follow-up to eight years. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;91:1013-8.

114.Lai KA, Shen WJ, Yang CY, Shao CJ, Hsu JT, Lin RM. The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis. A randomized clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:2155-9.

115.Nishii T, Sugano N, Miki H, Hashimoto J, Yoshikawa H. Does alendronate prevent collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:273-9.

116.Ramachandran M, Ward K, Brown RR, Munns CF, Cowell CT, Little DG. Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy for traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1727-34.

117.Kotecha RS, Powers N, Lee SJ, Murray KJ, Carter T, Cole C. Use of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteonecrosis as a complication of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010; 54:934-40.