Unit Two

Grammar: 1. Present, Past, Future Continuous

2. Special Question

3. Personal Pronouns

4. Single and Plural nouns

Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:

produce – виробляти; trading – торгівля; carry – везти; quantity – кількість; voyage – подорож; cargo – вантаж; merchant – торговець; necessity – речі першої необхідності; manufacturer – виробник; metalware – металеві речі; community – група людей; explore – досліджувати; penetrate – проникати; rival – конкурент; persuade – переконувати; exploit – експлуатувати.

Exercise II. Pronounce the following word combinations:

Caravan trade – караванна торгівля;

valuable stones –цінне каміння;

raw materials– сировина;

increasing population – населення, що збільшується;

luxury goods – розкішні речі;

trading links – торговельні зв’язки;

trade route – торговий шлях;

green beans – зелена квасоля;

mass advertising – реклама;

homogeneous tastes – однорідні смаки.

Reading

Read closely the text, translate it into Ukrainian and try to retell it:

Three Thousand Years of World Trade

For thousands and thousands of years, people produced most of what they needed for themselves. They grew or hunted for their own food, and made their own simple tools. But little by little they learned that they could have more varied goods by trading.

The earliest trade we do know something about is the caravan trade across the deserts of Asia around 2500 bc, to and from cities in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Arabia. These caravans had to carry fodder for the animals and food for the drivers and merchants. Not much space was left for the cargo. As a result, the goods carried were light but valuable, things such as gold and precious stones – that is, luxuries and not necessities. After this, trade by sea started to become more common.

The Phoenicians of the coast of Syria were the first manufacturers who developed commerce by sea. They exported metalware, glassware, and textiles. These were traded for raw materials, especially tin, copper, and silver. This trade also was mainly in luxuries for the ships were small.

The Phoenicians lived at the same time as the Greeks and the Romans. Athens was the first big commercial city in Europe, and it was the first community: to import and export necessities (not just luxuries) in large quantities. Grain was imported for the increasing population from the shores of the Black Sea, and exports included figs, olive oil, wine, honey, pottery, metalware and textiles. Greek armies marched into Persia, Central Asia, and India, and brought back luxury goods such as spices, drugs, and silk.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice and Genoa became the world's leading trade centres. In 1271, the Venetian, Marco Polo, went by land and sea to China and helped establish trading links Venice was well placed to be the main European commercial centre

The modern world began as the Age of Discoveries. The great voyages of Spanish and Portuguese explorers, such as Christopher Columbus (1492), Vasco da Gama (1498), and Ferdinand Magellan (1519), opened up new trade routes to the Americas, Africa, and India. This was the beginning of ocean travel.

Britain and other countries of northern Europe formed big companies, and each was given a certain part of the world to explore and exploit. The new companies penetrated into distant lands, and brought back their products, many of which were new and unknown: tomatoes, potatoes, cocoa, green beans, and corn. By the 17th century, the Dutch dominated the world's trade, with the French and the English as their close rivals. All three nations opened up the tropical lands of the East and West Indies, and imported sugar, tobacco, tea, and coffee into Europe.

During the 19th century, the industrial revolution led to greater production, and the pattern of world trade started to become what it is today.

Today, mass advertising persuades people of many different nationalities to use the same products. Millions of people around the world drink the same soft drinks, drive the same cars, wear the same clothes, and eat the same hamburgers.

In previous centuries, trade was more local, and people's tastes varied from one country to another. Imports used to bring diversity. It is ironic that today's vast international markets have resulted in a world with more homogeneous tastes.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Answer the following questions:

1. Why did people first start trading?

2. How much do we know about the early traders?

3. What did the Phoenicians import?

4. Athens had two “firsts”. What were they?

5. Why was grain imported by the Greeks?

6. What did the big companies of Northern Europe do?

7. What is ironic about the international market today?

Exercise IV. Study the definitions of the following words:

Trade – buying and selling of goods.

Commerce – the exchange and distribution of goods.

Import – introduce goods from a foreign country.

Export – send goods to another country for purpose of trade.

pattern – excellent example.

vary – to become different.

Diversity – variety.

Result in – to have as a consequence.

Exercise V. Give English equivalents:

Вирощувати, полювати, їжа, корм для тварин, торговець, легкі речі, вироби із скла, текстиль, комерційне місто, вироби із металу, велика кількість, шовк, спеції, бути добре розташованим, торгівля морем, промислова революція, кукурудза.

Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Open the brackets and translate the sentences:

1. Britain (to be) one of the main exporters in the word last century.

2. Ukraine (to be interested) in exporting its manufactured goods.

3. The percentage of Spanish exports in word trade (to decline) significantly last year.

4. At the beginning of this century Britain (to lose) its dominating position.

5. Goods sold to other countries, such as food, cars, machines, medicines, books, musical instruments, discs and many others (to be) visible exports.

Exercise VII. Give the questions to which the following are answers:

1. All are here expect Olga and Maria.

2. They are coming back on Thursday.

3. yes, I passed the exams.

4. I have been in France for 1 month.

5. He came here yesterday.

6. No, I didn’t take my car with me.

7. They collected about 2000 Gr.

8. I stayed in London over Christmas.

Exercise VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past simple or Past Continuous:

1. Last year I (decide) to go to England for my holidays.

2. When I left Kyiv it (rain), but when I arrive in London it (clear up).

3. A cold wind (blow) from the sea.

4. I (go) to my hotel by bus.

5. As soon as I (sign in) I (see) a friend of mine from Ukraine.

6. She (stay) at the same hotel.

7. In the afternoon we (go) shopping.

8. street trades (sell) souvenirs.

9. We (listen) to their chatter trying to understand them.

Exercise IX. Replace the nouns by the personal pronouns in the Nominative or Objective Case:

1. The girls are playing tennis.

2. I saw the boys in the park.

3. We have seen the film.

4. My sister went to the post-office.

5. I am waiting for my sister.

6. Do you know my brother?

7. The contract was signed yesterday.

Exercise X. Give the plural of the following nouns:

A subject, a laboratory, a class, a tape-recorder, a lesson, a grown-up, a film-strip, an institute, a report, a college, a mark, a circle, a story, an examination, a passage, a voice, a library.

Exercise XI. Choose the correct verb:

1. The news is/are heard on the radio at 9 o’clock.

2. Some people is/are coming today.

3. our goods is/are of high quality.

4. His information is/are not correct.

5. The police was/were there.

6. People is/are pleased at the news.

7. The furniture is/are very old.

Speech exercises

Exercise XII. read the dialogue:

Mr. Blake studied the Buyer's contract terms and on Tuesday come to the Ukrainian Trade Delegation to discuss them with Petrenko.

Petrenko:	Good morning, Mr. Blake.
Blake:	Good morning, Petrenko. Sorry, I’m bit late.
Petrenko:	Never mind. How are things?
Blake:	Hot too bad, thanks?
Petrenko:	Would you like a cigarette?
Blake:	No, thank you, I don't smoke.
Petrenko:	May I offer you a cup of coffee?
Blake:	Yes, with pleasure. Well, Mr. Petrenko. I think we can discuss business now. I'd like to clarify some details with you. How many compressors would you like to buy?
Petrenko:	We can buy 40 compressors.
Blake:	And when do you require the goods?
Petrenko:	As soon ns possible, say in December.
Blake:	In December? Let me see. I'm afraid, that's impossible. Our compressors are selling very well, and we are heavy with orders. We can deliver only 15 compressors in December.
Petrenko:	And what about the other 25 compressors?
Blake:	We can deliver them only in six months.
Petrenko:	All right. And how about the terms of delivery? I hope they suit you.
Blake:	Yes, we agree to sell the goods FOB English port and we can accept payment for collection too.
Petrenko:	Fine. Now comes the question of price. I must say that, your price is not attractive to us. Can you give us a 10£ discount?
Blake:	That's a bit difficult. The fact is our compressors are in great demand at this price. However we can offer you a discount of 5%, but in that case we can sell the goods only on GIF terms.
Petrenko:	I think we must agree to your terms. Can we meet tomorrow at 10 to sign the contract, Mr. Blake?
Blake:	Yes, certainly. Mr. Petrenko, would you like to have dinner with me tonight?
Petrenko:	With pleasure.
Blake:	I can pick you up at the Ukrainian Trade Delegation at 6.30 if that's convenient.
Petrenko:	Yes, thank you.

Notes:

1. Never mind. – Нічого. Нічого страшного /відповідь на вибачення/.

2. How аre things? – Як справи?

3. Say in December – Припустимо, у грудні.

4. FOB (free on board) – ФОБ /умови поставки, за яких продавець доставляє товар на судно за свій рахунок/.

5. CIF (cost, insurance, freight) – СІФ /умови поставки, за яких продавець фрахтує судно, страхує і доставляє у порт призначення/.

Exercise XIII. Agree or disagree. Give your reasons:

1. Mr. Blake wanted to discuss the terms of the contract with Petrenko.

2. Petrenko offered him a cup of tea.

3. Mr. Blake did not accept the terms of Ukrainimport.

4. Blake and Co had few orders for their compressors.

5. Petrenko accepted the time of delivery.

6. Mr. Blake gave Petrenko a 10% discount.

7. Petrenko and Mr. Blake signed the contract that day.

8. Mr. Blake invited Petrenko to dinner.

Exercise XIV. Say what you have leaned from the text about:

1. the time of delivery, the terms of shipment and delivery

2. the price for the compressors and the terms of payment

Exercise XV. Think and answer:

1. Why were the compressors of Blake and Co selling very well?

2. Why couldn't Petrenko accept the price of Blake and Co?

Exercise XVI. Speak on the topic:

“Discussing the terms of delivery”