The Development of Ukrainian Science

In Old Rus monasteries were the first venues of sciences. A major such venue, of the 18th century was Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In the 19th c. the universities of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa and Lviv became noted research centers where the first national schools of sciences took shape. Much credit in the development of Ukrainian science is due to M. Os-trohradsky (mathematics), O. Bodiansky (linguistics), V. Antonovych (history), M. Maksymovych (ethnography and plant physiology), V. Obraztsov, F. Ya-novsky, V. Karavaiev, O. Bets, M. Strazhesko, M. Volkovych, and V. Filatov (medicine). The creation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in 1918 was an event of historic import. Among its founding members were V. Vernadsky, a famous 20th c. scientist and naturalist; noted historians M. Hrushevsky and D. Ba-halii; orientalist A. Krymsky; mechanics expert S. Tymoshenko; lawyer M. Vasyl-enko, and many others. Associated with the Academy are the names of outstanding scientists, among them physician and mathematician M. Boholiubov, biologist M. Kashchenko, microbiologist and ep-idemologist D. Zabolotny, — botanists Ye. Votchal, O. Fomin, M. Kholodny, archaeologist and etnographer M. Biliashivsky, zoologist I. Schmalhauzen, economist K. Vobly, and demographer M. Ptukha. World-reputed schools appeared, headed by D. Hrave (algebra), M. Krylov (mathematical physics), Ye. Paton (electric welding and bridge construction), L. Pysarzhevsky (chemistry), O. Dynnyk (mechanics and elasticity theory), O. Bohomolets (experimental pathology). At present, the National Academy of Sciences comprises 170 research centers with powerful research-and-productive facilities. All told, there are some 2,500 Doctors and 10,000 Candidates of Science. There are 208 Academicians and 280 Corresponding members, plus 81 foreign members from 18 countries, including the USA, France, Germany, the UK, Italy, Japan. The National Academy of Ukraine ranks with Europe's leading scientific venues. Among its attainments are outstanding accomplishments in natural history and technology, along with tangible contributions to sociology and the humanities. Since 1962 its President has been Boris Paton, a noted scientist, organizer, honorary member of academies in many countries. A great deal has been done in the leading sciences over the past several years. Thus, the world's first laser data storage came as the result of complex developments by experts on informatics, physics, physical metallurgy and chemistry. World priorities have a number of achievements in machinebuilding, rocket and computer technology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, microbiology and medicine. The National Academy of Ukraine maintains and expands international contacts with academies and research associations and centers in many countries. Over the past several years research and technological cooperation treaties and agreements have been signed with many countries.

Science is important to most people living in the modern world for a number of reasons. In particular, science is important for world peace and understanding, for understanding of technology, and for our understanding of the world.

Science is important for world peace in many ways. On the one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of the modern tools of war. On the other hand, they have also helped to keep the peace through research, which has improved life for people. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; using energy of the sun and of the atom. Scientists have also analysed the world's resources. Scientists study the Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of men.

Scientists are also important for everyone who is affected by modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are results of advances in technology. In some cases, such as technology of producing salt from ocean water, technology may be essential for our lives on Earth.

Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and development of the human race. The study of the natural world may help improve life for many people all over the world.

Basic knowledge of science is essential for everyone. It helps people to find their way in the changing world.

The development of Ukraine science has it’s beginning since the 18th century, when the Kyiv Mohyla Academy became a noted research centre. A great page in Ukraine’s history was the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Its founder was a very talented man with the world – known name- Volodymyr Vernadsky. The group of famous people made a valuable contribution into Ukraine’s science from its first steps. They were noted historians Antonovych, Hrushevsky, a mathematician Boholiubov, botanists Fomin and Kholodny, scientists in medicine Filatov, Yanovsky, Bohomolets and others. The Ukrainian science achieved great success after the Second World War. The Ukrainian scientist Korolyov was one of the noted space designers. Ukraine’s scientists developed the “ Vulcan” unit for welding in space. Yevhen Paton and his son Boris are well- known all over the world as masters in the field of electric welding. The people of Ukraine are proud of their culture too. You must know the name of the great philosopher Skovoroda. The play “ Natalka Poltavka ” by Kotlyarevsky, the historical novel ” Taras Bulba ” by Gogol, the “ Kobzar “ by Shevchenko, the poems by Lesya Ukrainka are well – known not only in Ukraine but abroad as well. The three most noted dramatists at the end of the 19th century were: Starytsky, Kropyvnytsky, Karpeko- Kary. The film director Dovzhenko, the great opera singe Krushelnytska, later Matvienko and Solovyanenko, Ivsiuk made Ukrainian music culture famous in the world. Ukrainian literature and arts developed very successfully in the 60s. Among the most prominent authors were: in poetry Kostenko, Drach, Vingranovsky, Symonenko, Hutsal, Tiutiunnyk, Shevchyk; in drama: Kolomiyets, Honchar. Stus, Holoborodko, Drozd, Kalynets developed the literature in the 70s. At present Ukrainian books are translated into many languages. Writers have got more freedom over the last year.

The development of science in Ukraine.

Eminent names and scientific schools

In the twentieth century, a number of renowned scientific schools were established in Ukraine dealing

with problems of geochemistry and the natural sciences (V. Vernadsky), mechanics (S. Tymoshenko), oriental studies (A. Krymsky), microbiology (D. Zabolotny), biology (0. Bohomolets), chemistry (L. Pysar/hcvsky), electrical welding and bridge-building (Ye. Paton), physics (M. Boholiubov), cybernetics (V. Glushkov), space engineering (M. Yanhel), etc. Ukrainian scientists and scholars can boast major achievements, such as the artificial nuclear reaction to split the lithium nucleus; production of heavy water; a procedure for automatically welding lank bodies; the Europe's first computer; new areas pioneered in metallurgy: electric metallurgy with electroslag, plasma-arc, and plasma electron-beam remelting, development of unique rockets and spacecraft, etc.During the years of independence, a basic advance has been made by Ukraine in the social sciences and humanities. This contributed much to the nation's rethinking of its centuries-long path in

3. Kyiv Polytechnic Institute

They say that KPI is the cradle of enquiring minds in science and engineering. Do you agree with that?

The Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was founded in 1898. The idea of its creation united such outstanding scientists of that time as V. L. Kirpichov, M. Y. Zhukovsky, K. O. Timiryazyev. The President of the First Examining Board in chemistry faculty was Dmitry Mendeleyev. The Institute had only four departments then, among them: mechanical, chemical, engineering and agricultural. A great number of prominent people worked and studied there: Y. P. Paton, the founder of electric welding, I. Sikorsky, the inventor of helicopters, S. P. Korolyov, the designer of the first satellites and spaceships in the world.

Academician Stepan Timoshenko, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Academy of sciences, the elected member of the academies of sciences in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, France, the USA, Italy, American Philosopher‘s society, Royal society of London and the honorary doctorate of the Universities of Michigan, Zurich, Glasgow, Munich, Bologna, Zagreb, Turin, the holder of the most prestigious awards in science was one of the most brilliant lecturers and professors at the strength of materials faculty of the KPI. Timoshenko’s article published in the Kyiv Polytechnic News Bulletin found a wide application in shipbuilding. In fact, the steel plates used in the ships, were tested for tensile strength based on Timoshenko formulae. Timoshenko’s textbook on the strength of materials was translated into many foreign languages and many engineers used it and will use it in their studies. In 1911 Timoshenko was awarded the Zhuravsky Award, which was awarded only once every decade for the best work in construction mechanics. In 1922 Timoshenko was awarded the Lever medal by Franklin Institute for his work on suspension bridges in New York. The same year he presented his research on crank shafts at the American society of engineers.

There is a museum of History of the KPI, where the students and guests may get acquainted with its past and development of engineering in Ukraine.

The KPI wrote a glorious page in the history of the Great Patriotic War. During the Second World War (1941-1945) the teachers and students of the KPI glorified their University, giving their lives for the liberation of our Motherland. There is a monument to them at the entrance of the KPI park. According to tradition on the 1^st of September (the beginning of the new academic year), a special delegation of the first-year students, professors and teachers of the KPI come to the monument to lay flowers and express their gratitude to the heroes who sacrificed their lives defending their Homeland. After the War the KPI had to overcome many difficulties. In fact, it had to begin its life anew. Since then, the KPI had made great progress. The teaching staff of the KPI consists of highly qualified teachers, professors and scientists. They do their best to provide the students with all-round scientific and technical education.

Engineers-graduates of the KPI work all over Ukraine and abroad, introducing the latest achievements of science and technology. Many graduates and postgraduates of the KPI have become famous scientists.

At present there are 21,932 full-time students, 1,436 part-time students, 3,657 students by correspondence, 1,068 foreign students from fifty countries of the world, 482 post graduates, including 80 foreigners, and 27 doctorates (total more than 28,000 students).

Today there are 21 faculties and 9 institutes which train specialists in such fields of technology as power engineering, radio, electronics, computing, automation, telecommunications, etc. They are: Energy Saving and Energy Management Institute, Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Institute of Telecommunication Systems, Aircraft and Space Systems Faculty, Applied Mathematics Faculty, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Chemical Technology Faculty, Electronics Faculty, Welding Faculty, Biotechnology Faculty, Sociology Faculty, Physical Training and Sports Faculty, Radio Engineering Faculty, Management and Marketing Faculty, Publishing Faculty, Linguistics Faculty, Law Faculty, Heat Power Engineering Faculty, Precision Instruments Faculty, Information and Computer Engineering Faculty, teaching and scientific complex ‘Institute of Applied and System Analysis’, scientific-research institutes, laboratories, construction bureaus, publishing centre ‘Polytechnika’, engineering and other centres, scientific and technological parks ‘Kyiv Polytechnika’ and others.

They offer a great number of training programs: automation and electric drive, mining deposits of useful minerals, mine and underground construction, ecology and environmental protection, electromechanical systems, hydraulic and pneumatic machines, boilers and reactors, electric power stations, heat power stations, computer systems and networks, etc.

In accordance with the Decrees of the President of Ukraine dated April 8, 1995 #289 and August 30, 2004 #1023 Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was granted with the name the National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” and got the Status of the National self-governing (autonomous) higher State educational establishment of research type with wide authorities in determination of the content of the higher education, its forms and ways of activity. The University is accredited according to the status of higher educational establishment of the 4th level and has the right to provide education for highly-qualified specialists. The National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” is one of the oldest higher technical institutes of Ukraine and has its own historical traditions, works actively in the new social-economic conditions which are being created in the country. But as it was before, its main tasks are training specialists for industry, scientific pedagogical specialists for the development of scientific-technical potential of Ukraine, the development of fundamental and applied research as well as in the traditional directions (fields) of science and technology so in the newest directions using the innovatory model.

Scientific and innovatory activity of the university is inseparable part of its educational activity that gives possibility to train specialists on the basis of the latest achievements in science and technology, to develop new technical means of education according to the results of scientific investigations, to involve students into scientific and research work of basic departments and engineering centres, to carry out fundamental and applied scientific investigations to create new technics, innovatory technologies and new materials, to co-operate with academic and branch scientific organizations to solve important technical and scientific tasks, to produce experimental samples and equipment and appliances for different purposes, to provide scientific and technical expertise in the market, etc.

The creative potential of the pedagogical and scientific staff of the university, material-technical and laboratory basis, wide contacts with industrial enterprises, research institutions of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, traditional connections with universities abroad allow to train bachelors, engineers, masters, candidates (of sciences) and doctors of sciences, to carry out scientific research work at the up-to-date level. Self-governing in educational activity of the teaching staff of NTUU “KPI”, consisting of more than 2000 professors, assistants and other personnel, allows to cover a great deal of problems: training, test selection and enrolment of young people who want to become students, training the highly educated specialists, postgraduates, conferring the Candidate’s and Doctor’s degrees, raising the level of skill and requalification of both Ukrainian and foreign specialists.

Following the best traditions of the higher education, the teaching staff of our university is seeking advanced methods of training, inviting as lecturers the well-known scientists of Ukraine as well as professors of leading foreign universities working with NTUU “KPI”.

After getting the highest State status of the National Technical University of Ukraine, specialities in economy and the humanities that correspond to the modern needs of the country as well as new engineering specialities are developed. This creates opportunity for getting second speciality.

New situation in Ukraine has created new possibilities for NTUU “KPI” integration into the world higher education system to take part in the international educational programs. Module and rating technology of study with full methodical supplying has been started.

At present NTUU ”KPI” cooperates with almost 30 technical universities of many countries, trains bachelors, masters, candidates and doctors of sciences for about 100 states of the world. The exchange of students is also carried out according to the agreements on cooperation with many higher educational establishments of the USA, Canada and Western Europe. About 1500 foreign citizens from more than 42 countries study at the University nowadays.

More than 42 thousand students and postgraduates of NTUU “KPI” inhabit the University Campus. Its structures make up the complex of 28 academic and laboratory structures and blocks of research institutes, 22 hostels (3 for married students), sports complex with 2 swimming pools, gymnasiums of Olympic standard, rehabilitation centre, sports grounds, a stadium, tennis courts, a library with almost 3 million books in it. Many shops, repair shops and services, cafes and clubs, a post-office, a policlinic, discos, etc. are available on its territory. There is also a board and lodging house, a health camp, a sport camp in the Carpathians and a rest base.

The University provides students with almost everything necessary for better studies and happier life.

3. My speciality

Why did you choose the speciality of inorganic chemistry engineer?

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of the structures, properties, and behaviours incl. reactions, of elements, mixtures e.g. in solutions, and chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds (such compounds are defined as "organic" for the purposes of chemical classification so study of those compounds is considered organic chemistry).

In some subject-areas of study and research the distinction between organic and inorganic chemistry is unclear and is said to overlap. For example, organometallic chemistry (the study of chemical compounds whose molecules include bond(s) between carbon and a metal) includes aspects of both inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. However, most (and often all) of the chemistry normally studied at school level may be clearly defined as either Organic or Inorganic Chemistry.

I’ve chosen an inorganic chemistry because one of its branches is water treatment. This scientific theme has always interested me. And for a five years of studding I ensure that I’ve made a rule choice.

This science made me to understand surrounding world, processes which have place in nature.

Also inorganic chemistry is a part of farmacology and another interesting ways.