ОГАУ юристы_1 семестр магистратура ИН яз

ФГБОУ ВПО ОРЕНБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

АГРАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра английского языка

Т.П. Камынина Е.Б. Попов

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ МАГИСТРАНТОВ

направления подготовки «Юриспруденция»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Оренбург 2015

Unit 1. Higher Education. – Высшее образование

1.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Higher Education in Different Countries

1. Higher education is a period of specialized study to qualify the individual for professional activity, following the completion of secondary education (that is why it is sometimes called as ‘tertiary education’) and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. The duration of the study may be from four to seven years or more, depending upon the specialization.

2. The institution providing higher education may be either an institute, college or university or a type of professional school, e.g. military, medical, police or law schools. The basic entrance requirement for most higher-educational institutions is the completion of secondary education, and the usual age of admission to university is 18.

3.The Russian legal education system is based on European undergraduate traditions. Students may enter law schools directly after leaving secondary school. There law students specialize in a certain field of law such as civil law, public international law, criminal law, administrative or financial law.

4.The prevalent method of tuition in Russian universities is a set of lectures and seminars. The academic year is divided into two terms. At the end of each term in January and June students pass oral examinations. They are also required to get “practical training” in courts, prosecutor or notary offices, state agencies and law firms.

5.In 2011 Russian law schools began providing two-stage education: students who study for 4 years will get a Bachelor’s Degree in

law (LLB); those who are able to continue their education for two more years will get a Master’s Degree (LLМ).

6.The undergraduates reading law in the Institute participate in such instructional activities as seminars, lectures, moots, practical training and study the following subjects: History of Russia, Civil Law, Foreign Languages, Constitutional (State) Law, Criminal Law, International Law, Labour Law, etc.

7.British and American universities. In Britain, undergraduate

degrees, also known as first degrees, take three years to complete, while master's degrees typically last for a single year, and doctoral degrees can be finished in three years. In the U.S., undergraduate degrees are completed in four years and many master's degrees are

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earned in two years, while doctoral degrees can take anywhere between one to eight years to be completed.

8.Though UK university tuition fees rose to £9,000 a year in 2012, they still were less than half of what many Americans pay to study for a degree. Most private US colleges charge a minimum of $30,000 for a degree course. State colleges are usually cheaper, but students at an Ivy League university such as Harvard or Yale have to find more than $50,000 a year.

9.Much like the U.S., British universities offer lectures, or formal presentations, to large groups of students. British universities also

higher education – высшее образование

qualify – квалифицировать, обучать для какой-л. цели; готовить (кого-л.) к ка- кой-л. деятельности

secondary education – среднее образование

tertiary education ['tɜ:rʃı,erı ,edʒʋ'keıʃən] – высшее образование, «третичная» ступень образования

named degree – присваиваемая степень institution – организация, учреждение

e.g. – например (сокращенно от лат. exempli gratia) law school – юридический факультет университета entrance requirement – условия поступления completion – окончание, завершение

undergraduate – студент первых курсов, обучающийся по основным программам высшего образования (до получения степени бакалавра); базовое высшее образование, бакалавриат

tuition – плата за обучение

oral examination – устный экзамен

practical training – производственная практика notary – нотариус

law firm – адвокатская контора, юридическая фирма Bachelor’s Degree – степень бакалавра

LLB – Bachelor of Laws – бакалавр права Master’s Degree – степень магистра LLМ – Master of Laws – магистр права instructional – образовательный, учебный

moot – учебный судебный процесс в юридической школе doctoral degree – степень доктора наук

earn – получать, заслуживать

charge – требовать (в виде оплаты), запрашивать плату

Ivy League university – привилегированный университет Северо-востока США, входящий в Лигу Плюща; старейший университет Новой Англии

formal presentation – официальная презентация, официальное выступление

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feature seminars for smaller groups of students. However, British universities focus more on tutorial education than U.S. schools. British schools emphasize lectures rather than interactive learning, a focus of the U.S. Much like the U.S., however, British universities feature continuous assessment, where coursework, exams and projects are expected throughout the year for each degree field. Final exams

and dissertations are a prominent feature in both countries.

10. Classification of academic ranks of faculty members. A “lecturer” is the junior academic rank in the United Kingdom. Lecturers carry out original research and teach undergraduate students. The most senior academic job title in both countries is “professor”. Professors usually have doctorate degrees. Not all college teachers are full professors. Thus in the USA college students may also be taught by instructors who need complete their doctorate degrees in order to become assistant professors and then associate professors. There are also adjunct professors who are hired to teach for a limited time, usually one semester.

feature – характеризоваться, иметь особенность, отличаться tutorial – практические занятия с руководителем-консультантом interactive learning – взаимообучение

academic rank ≈ academic title – должность в высшем учебном заведении, учёное звание

faculty member – преподаватель высшего учебного заведения lecturer – преподаватель вуза

full professor – академическая должность профессора кафедры и звание «профессор»

instructor – преподаватель, ведущий практические занятия за профессором assistant professor – доцент, работающий по совместительству (претендует стать

«associate professor»)

associate professor – доцент кафедры, преподаватель с правом стать «full professor»

adjunct professor – адъюнкт-профессор (приглашается на работу на условиях почасовой оплаты на ограниченный срок)

1.1.2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What is higher education?

2.Why is higher education known as “tertiary”?

3.How long may college education last?

4.What is the usual age of admission to colleges?

8.Where do law students in Russia get their practical training?

9.What subjects do law students study?

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10.Where do degree courses last longer: in Britain or the US?

11.Are university tuition fees almost the same in the USA and the UK?

12.Does the tuition charge depend on whether you enter a state or private college in America?

13.What is the most senior academic job title in British and American universities?

1.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Education Law

1. Education law is a set of rules and regulations that guide the workings of a national education system. Education law encompasses a wide variety of topics:

–the sources of funding that educational institutions use to acquire resources,

–discipline issues relating to supervision of students’ physical and educational needs by public authorities, school administrators, educators, help staff, and other students;

–the requirements teachers and other faculty and staff must meet to be certified, trained, hired and fired;

–educational equity, relating to funding adequate and equal education for all students, regardless of the economic condition of the neighborhood and school;

–educational policy and reform, which concerns the way the government values, funds, and tests students’ education achievement;

–intellectual and academic freedom, copyright issues relating to print or online materials, distance learning issues, privacy issues, especially in the digital environment;

–special education issues relating to appropriate treatment, discipline and individualized education program for students with various learning disabilities;

education law – законодательство в сфере образования discipline issues – вопросы организации образовательных услуг help staff – обслуживающий персонал

educational equity – равные возможности в сфере образования distance learning – дистанционное обучение, заочное образование privacy issue – проблема сохранения секретности

special education issues – вопросы по организации особых образовательных услуг

learning disability – затруднения при обучении, неспособность при обучении

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– discrimination in the field of education, whether in the hiring process or in the process of educating students.

2.Autonomy of institutions of higher education. Universities are usually autonomous institutions of education and science with the right to self-governance. The autonomy of institutions of higher education is based on the division of power and responsibility between the government agencies and the management of the university, as well as between the management and the academic staff.

3.The autonomy of a university is expressed in the right to select the ways and forms for the implementation of the tasks set forth by the founders of the institution of higher education, as well as in compliance with the principle of democracy and with the laws regulating the operation of colleges and other regulatory enactments.

4.An institution of higher education has the right:

–to develop and approve its constitution;

–to form the academic staff; and

–to independently determine:

a)the content and forms of study programmes,

b)additional provisions for the admission of students,

c)basic trends of scientific research work,

d)its own organizational and managerial structure, and

e)rates of work remuneration.

5.Academic freedom. The freedom of research work is expressed as the rights of academic staff to choose the topic and direction of scientific activities. Academic staff is also entitled to choose study methods.

6.The freedom of studies, research work and artistic creation is

expressed in the rights of students:

–to choose an institution of higher education, a faculty (department);

–to change their study programme during their studies, choosing the same study programme in another institution of higher education, faculty (department, institute);

–to attend lectures in other institutions of higher education, faculties (departments, institutes);

–to draw up and acquire the free elective part of individual studies; and

–to be engaged in scientific research work and artistic creation. 7. The administration of an institution of higher education has a

duty to guarantee and respect these rights of students and academic staff.

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self-governance – автономия, самоуправление founders – учредители

in compliance with – в соответствии с regulatory enactment – нормативный акт scientific research – научные исследования

work remuneration – оплата труда, вознаграждение за работу study methods – методы организации обучения

artistic creation – художественное творчество

draw up – составлять, вырабатывать, проектировать

1.2.2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.What discipline issues are covered by education law?

2.What does educational equity mean?

3.What forms of discrimination are prohibited by education law?

4.What fundamentals is the autonomy of institutions of higher education based on?

5.What rights is academic staff entitled to?

6.What rights are given to universities?

7.What rights does education law provide for students?

1.3. Прочитайте и переведите представленные ниже утверждения. Выразите согласие или несогласие с этими утверждениями, используя типовые фразы из Приложения 1 (стр. 26):

1.A college diploma itself is not an equivalent to higher education.

2.A student, who is not ready to spend twenty-four hours a day on getting deep knowledge and professional skills, cannot think of becoming a lawyer.

3.Day by day college tuition in our country is becoming more expensive and not all families can afford it.

4.Generally a college in America is a part of a university but not all colleges offer graduate studies.

5.Higher education establishments promote cultural development in all spheres of social life.

6.Higher education should be financially accessible to citizens.

7.If all young people get higher education it will be an insuperable difficulty for each of them to find a job.

8.If higher education is free all over the globe, our world will become much more peaceful and stable.

9.Instructors in American colleges usually have doctorate degrees and after two-three years of teaching they may seek tenure.

10.It is better not to waste your lifetime on education because there are so many other more important and interesting things.

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11.It is difficult for persons from low-income families to go to the university if they do not have additional sources of cash.

12.It is not a diploma that makes a person educated, but his own efforts to gain personal development.

13.It is unfair that only representatives of one social group can get proper education.

14.Many students enroll in a higher education establishment contrary to their personal choice but because they have to.

15.Not all of us have abilities and aptitude for learning.

16.Nowadays higher education is free in most countries of our planet.

17.Only clever and talented people have a chance to continue their education if they successfully finish secondary schools.

18.People with higher education are appreciated in all spheres of our life.

19.Sometimes the abilities of students and the university demands do not match; in this case, all their efforts are useless.

20.Students need patience, persistence and diligence in order to succeed in mastering college courses.

21.Those who have entered the university only because they pay money won’t achieve any meaningful results.

22.Today almost 85 per cent of our fellow citizens have got higher education.

23.We should understand that higher education might not always be the best choice for everyone.

1.4. Ключевые слова.

1)Просмотрите ключевые слова по теме «Higher Education».

2)Употребите 7 из них в самостоятельно составленных предложениях, используя материал тематического блока.

3)Будьте готовы прочитать свои предложения студентам группы так, чтобы они смогли на слух перевести их на русский язык.

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1.5. Передайте основное содержание текстов на тему «Higher Education», используя типовые фразы из Приложения 2 и опираясь на следующие пункты плана:

–education law;

–nature of higher education;

–educational institutions in Russia, Britain and America;

–teaching staff and academic titles;

–classroom experience and degrees.

Unit 2. Legal Education in Great Britain and the USA. –

Юридическое образование в Великобритании и США

2.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Studying Law in the United Kingdom

1. In the UK, a legal education usually begins with the completion of a bachelor degree in law, known as an LLB, which usually takes three years. However, many students graduate in a non-law subject and then undertake a one year conversion course known as a postgraduate Diploma in Law or GDL. One interesting aspect of legal profession and appropriate legal education in the UK is that there are two separate legal careers of solicitors and barristers in England and Wales.

2. A person wishing to become a solicitor must complete three stages: the first stage involves gaining a law degree; the second stage requires passing a one-year full-time (or two year part-time) Legal

conversion course – курс переподготовки, переходной курс обучения postgraduate – изучаемый после окончания бакалавриата

solicitor – солиситор, адвокат (дающий советы клиенту, подготавливающий дела для барристера и выступающий только в судах низшей инстанции)

barrister – барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах; является членом одного из "Судебных иннов")

gaining – получение, приобретение full-time – очное обучение part-time – заочное обучение

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Practice Course (LPC); and the final stage entails working for two years as a trainee solicitor with a firm of solicitors or in the legal department of a local authority or large company. At this stage, a trainee solicitor is paid a salary.

3.Intending barristers also need a qualifying law degree in order to apply to join one of the Inns of Court to study for the Bar Professional Training Course. It's also mandatory for students to keep terms, which means dining at their Inn a fixed number of times, before they can be called to the Bar, that is, qualify as a barrister.

4.Then the new barrister faces intense competition to obtain a funded pupillage in chambers for twelve months in order to get practical training, when pupils at first shadow an experienced barrister by

observing professional activities, and then, with their supervisor's permission, can undertake to supply legal services and exercise rights of audience.

5.To gain a Full Qualification Certificate pupils must learn the rules of conduct and etiquette at the Bar, learn to prepare and present a case competently, learn to draft pleadings and opinions, have advocacy training. If successful at the end of the twelve months, the qualified barrister applies for a tenancy in chambers.

6.The profession of barrister in England and Wales is a separate profession from that of solicitor. It is however possible to hold the qualification of both barrister and solicitor at the same time.

7.The practical difference between the two professions is twofold:

– Barristers have a more specialized knowledge of case-law and

precedent. It is relatively common for a barrister to only receive a "brief" from an instructing solicitor to represent a client at trial a day or two before the hearing.

– A barrister has rights of audience in the higher courts. In this regard, the profession of barrister corresponds to that part of the role of legal professionals found in the civil law countries relating to appearing in trials or pleading cases before the courts.

trainee solicitor – солиситор-стажёр, практикант intending – желающий стать, намеревающийся

Inns of Court – "Судебные Инны" (английские школы подготовки барристеров) mandatory ['mændə,tɔ:rı] – обязательный

keep terms – посещать занятия

dining – система учебных занятий в неформальной обстановке, так называемые "занятия в столовой"

be called to the Bar – быть принятым в адвокатское сословие, получить право адвокатской практики в суде, стать барристером

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