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7. (Careful speech would have ; the transcription cannot, of course, show very fine details of articulation, but it is likely that though the sound one hears is most like , there is some slight constriction between upper teeth and lower lip as well.)

8. (The main elision is of the I vowel in the first syllable of 'peculiarities': a less noticeable case is that instead of having i before the in this word the speaker has a non-syllabic j; note the glottal stop at the end of 'about'.)

6. (Careful speech would have meni; it is perhaps surprising that the speaker has rather than a in 'and'; is a frequently found alternative pronunciation to .)

2. (The elision is in 'its'; careful speech would have Its or, since this speaker uses glottal stops quite frequently - notice one between 'it' and 'appears', and another at the end of 'got' - .)

5. ('What do you call it' or 'what d' you call it' is used frequently when speakers cannot remember a word, and is always pronounced rapidly.)

1. (Careful speech would have and .)

90. (Careful speech would have .)

99. from (Careful speech would have or and .)

97. (Careful speech would have and nekst.)

97. (Careful speech would have ,

and ; the r in 'projecting' is devoiced as well as being syllabic; notice the glottal stops, one before the k in 'projecting' and another before the t in 'outwards': the strong form of 'the' at the beginning is probably a sort of slight hesitation.)

Audio Unit 16

719

7. I knew it would go wrong5 That was a loud noise 7. It was too cold1 We could go from Manchester 8. Here it is 90 Have you finished

Exercise 0

9. 'What 'time will they/come

7. A 'day re'turn to \London

7. The 'North \Pole would be warmer

7. 'Have you de'cided to /buy it

8. I re'corded them on ca\ssette

Audio Unit 13

Exercise 0

9. 'Now 'heres the \weather -forecast

7. You ,didnt say .anything about / rates 7. A ,few .years ago they were \top

7. 'No one could 'say the 'cinema was vdead 8. Is there / anything you -wouldnt -eat

6. 'Have you 'ever con'sidered / writing 2. .That was .what he vclaimed to be

5. We 'try to 'do our 'shopping in the\market 1. But I \never -go there -now

90. It .wouldnt be .difficult to find /out

Audio Unit 18

Note: Since these extracts were not spoken deliberately for illustrating intonation, it is not possible to claim that the transcription given here is the only correct version. There are several places where other transcriptions would be acceptable, and suggestions about alternative possibilities are given with some items, in addition to a few other comments.

9. it 'looks like a 'French maga\zine (slight hesitation between 'looks' and 'like') 7. the 'television 'is plugged vin

7. 'does your 'colander have a \handle ('does' possibly not stressed) 7. a / flap on it

8. 'you tell me about /yours (narrow pitch movement on 'yours'; 'tell' may also be stressed) 6. 'well \dark hair

2. .more than .half/way

5. but er 'not in the \other -corners

1. a .sort of .Daily \Sketch -format -newspaper ('sort' possibly not stressed)

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90. 'on the\top I 'on the \hd (both pronunciations of 'on' might be unstressed) 99. well theyre 'on al vternate -steps I theyre 'not on vevery -step

97. 'what about the went I at the \back

97. and a 'ladys \handbag | .hanging on a .nail on the \wall

97. 'you do the \left hand -bit of the -picture I and .Ill do the \right hand -bit

98. were being 'very par vticular I but we 'just haven't 'hit upon 'one of the \differ- ences-yet (stress on 'just' is weak or absent)

96. and 'what about your tele\vision I 'two /knobs I in the / front

Audio Unit 13

Exercise 0

9. I suppose the best thing's to try later.

7. If he's coming today there ought to be a letter around.

7. The world's greatest lawn tennis festival begins on Monday.

7. We've fixed for the repair man to come and mend it under guarantee. 8. The number's been engaged for over an hour.

Exercise 2

9.

7.

7.

7.

8.

Exercise 0

' ' ' '' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ' ' '

Audio Unit 20

Note: Transcription of natural speech involves making decisions that have the effect of simplifying complex phonetic events. The broad transcription given below is not claimed to be completely accurate, nor to be the only "correct" version.

'

'

717

' '

'

' ' '

'

'

'

'

717

Recommendations for general reading

References to reading on specific topics are given at the end of each chapter. The following is a list of basic books and papers recommended for more general study: if you wish to go more fully into any of the areas given below you would do well to start by reading these. I would consider it very desirable that any library provided for students using this book should possess most or all of the books listed. I give full bibliographic references to the books recommended in this section.

English phonetics and phonology

The best and most comprehensive book in this field is A. C. Gimson's book originally titled Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, now in its Seventh Edition edited by A. Cruttenden with the title The Pronunciation of English (London, Edward Arnold, 7005); the level is considerably more advanced and the content much more detailed than the present course. All writers on the pronunciation of British English owe a debt to Daniel Jones, whose book An Outline of English Phonetics first appeared in 9195 and was last reprinted in its Ninth Edition (Cambridge University Press, 9128), but the book, though still of interest, must be considered out of date.

Two other books that approach the subject in rather different ways are G. O. Knowles, Patterns of Spoken English (London: Longman, 9152) and C. W. Kreidler, The Pronunciation of English, Second Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 7007). A. McMahon, An Introduction to English Phonology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 7007) covers the theory of phonology in more depth than this book: it is short and clearly written. H. Giegerich, English Phonology: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9117) is more advanced, and contains valuable information and ideas. I would also recommend Practical Phonetics and Phonology by B. Collins and I. Mees (Second Edition, London: Routledge,

7005).

General phonetics

I have written a basic introductory book on general phonetics, called Phonetics in the series 'Oxford Introductions to Language Studies' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7007). There are many good introductory books at a more advanced level: I would recommend P. Ladefoged, A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition, Boston: Thomson, 7006), but see also

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the same author's Vowels and Consonants (Second Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 7007) or M. Ashby and J. Maidment, Introducing Phonetic Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7008). Also recommended is Phonetics: The Science of Speech by M. Ball and J. Rahilly (London: Edward Arnold, 9111). D. Abercrombie, Elements of General Phonetics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 9162) is a well-written classic, but less suitable as basic introductory reading. J. C. Catford, A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9155) is good for explaining the nature of practical phonetics; a simpler and more practical book is P. Ashby, Speech Sounds (Second Edition, London: Routledge, 7008). J. Laver, Principles of Phonetics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9117) is a very comprehensive and advanced textbook.

Phonology

Several books explain the basic elements of phonological theory. F. Katamba, An Introduction to Phonology (London: Longman, 9151) is a good introduction. Covering both this area and the previous one in a readable and comprehensive way is J. Clark, C. Yallop and J. Fletcher, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Third Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 7002). A lively and interesting course in phonology is I. Roca and W. Johnson, A Course in Phonology (Oxford: Blackwell, 9111). A recent addition to the literature is D. Odden's Introducing Phonology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7008). The classic work on the generative phonology of English is N. Chomsky and M. Halle, The Sound Pattern of English (New York: Harper and Row, 9165); most people find this very difficult.

Accents of English

The major work in this area is J. C. Wells, Accents of English, 7 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9157), which is a large and very valuable work dealing with accents of English throughout the world. A shorter and much easier introduction is A. Hughes, P. Trudgill and D. Watt, English Accents and Dialects (Third Edition, London: Edward Arnold, 7008). See also P. Foulkes and G. Docherty, Urban Voices (London: Edward Arnold, 9111) and P. Trudgill, The Dialects of England (Second Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 9111).

Teaching the pronunciation of English

I do not include here books which are mainly classroom materials. Good introductions to the principles of English pronunciation teaching are M. Celce-Murcia, D. Brinton and J. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9116), C. Dalton and B. Seidlhofer, Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9117) and J. Kenworthy, Teaching English Pronunciation (London: Longman, 9152). M. Hewings, Pronunciation Practice Activities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7007) contains much practical advice. A. Cruttenden's revision of A. C. Gimson's The Pronunciation of

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English (Seventh Edition, London: Edward Arnold, 7005) has a useful discussion of requirements for English pronunciation teaching in Chapter 97.

Pronunciation dictionaries

Most modern English dictionaries now print recommended pronunciations for each word listed, so for most purposes a dictionary which gives only pronunciations and not meanings is of limited value unless it gives a lot more information than an ordinary dictionary could. A few such dictionaries are currently available for British English. One is the Seventeenth Edition of the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, originally by Daniel Jones, edited by P. Roach, J. Hartman and J. Setter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7006). Jones' work was the main reference work on English pronunciation for most of the twentieth century; I was the principal editor for this new edition, and have tried to keep it compatible with this book. There is a CD-ROM disk to accompany the dictionary which allows you to hear the English and American pronunciations of any word. Another dictionary is J. C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (Third Edition, London: Longman, 7005). See also C. Upton, W. Kretzschmar and R. Konopka (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7009). A useful addition to the list is L. Olausson and C. Sangster, The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7006), which makes use of the BBC Pronunciation Research Unit's database to suggest pronunciations of difficult names, words and phrases.

Intonation and stress

Good introductions to intonation are A. Cruttenden, Intonation (Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9112), J. C. Wells, English Intonation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7006) and E. Couper-Kuhlen, An Introduction to English Prosody (London: Edward Arnold, 9156). D. R. Ladd, Intonational Phonology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9116) is much more difficult, but covers contemporary theoretical issues in an interesting way. E. Fudge, English Word Stress (London: Allen and Unwin, 9157) is a useful textbook on word stress.

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Bibliography

Abercrombie, D. (9162) Elements of General Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Abercrombie, D. (9119) 'RP today: its position and prospects', in D. Abercrombie, Fifty Years in Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 75-87.

Adams, C. (9121) English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner, The Hague: Mouton. Ashby, P. (7008) Speech Sounds, 7nd edn., London: Routledge.

Ashby, M. and Maidment, J. (7008) Introducing Phonetic Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ball, M. and Rahilly, J. (9111) Phonetics: The Science of Speech, London: Arnold. Bauer, L. (9157) English Word-Formation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bolinger, D. (9127) 'Accent is predictable - if you're a mind-reader', Language, vol. 75, pp. 677-77.

Brazil, D. (9117) Pronunciation for Advanced Learners of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brazil, D., Coulthard, M. and Johns, C. (9150) Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, London: Longman.

Brown, G. (9110) Listening to Spoken English, London: Longman.

Brown, G., Curry, K. and Kenworthy, J. (9150) Questions of Intonation, London: Croom Helm.

Brown, G. and Yule, G. (9157) Teaching the Spoken Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Catford, J. C. (9122) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Catford, J. C. (9155) A Practical Introduction to Phonetics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. and Goodwin, J. (9116) Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chen, M. (9120) 'Vowel length variation as a function of the voicing of the consonant environment',

Phonetica, vol. 77, pp. 971-81.

Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (9165) The Sound Pattern of English, New York: Harper and Row.

Clark, J., Yallop, C. and Fletcher, J. (7002) An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, 7rd edn., Oxford: Blackwell.

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Collins, B. and Mees, I. (7005) Practical Phonetics and Phonology, 7nd edn., London: Routledge. Couper-Kuhlen, E. (9156) An Introduction to English Prosody, London: Edward Arnold. Cruttenden, A. (9112) Intonation, 7nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cruttenden, A. (ed.) (7005) Gimson's Pronunciation of English, 2th edn., London: Edward Arnold. Crystal, D. (9161) Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. (7007) English as a Global Language, 7nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crystal, D. and Quirk, R. (9167) Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English, The Hague: Mouton.

Dalton, C. and Seidlhofer, B. (9117) Pronunciation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dauer, R. (9157) 'Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalysed', Journal of Phonetics, vol. 99, pp. 89-67. Davidsen-Nielsen, N. (9161) 'English stops after initial Is/', English Studies, vol. 80, pp. 779-5.

Dimitrova, S. (9112) 'Bulgarian speech rhythm: stress-timed or syllable-timed?', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 72, pp. 72-77.

Foulkes, P. and Docherty, G. (eds.) (9111) Urban Voices, London: Arnold.

Fox, A. T. C. (9127) 'Tone sequences in English', Archivum Linguisticum, vol. 7, pp. 92-76. Fromkin, V. A. (ed.) (9125) Tone: A Linguistic Survey, New York: Academic Press.

Fudge, E. (9161) 'Syllables', Journal of Linguistics, vol. 8, pp. 787-56. Fudge, E. (9157) English Word Stress, London: Allen and Unwin.

Fudge, E. (9111) 'Words and feet', Journal of Linguistics, vol. 78, pp. 727-16.

Giegerich, H. (9117) English Phonology: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gimson, A. C. (9167) 'Phonetic change and the RP vowel system', in D. Abercrombie et al. (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp. 979-6.

Goldsmith, J. A. (9110) Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology, Oxford: Blackwell. Halliday, M. A. K. (9162) Intonation and Grammar in British English, The Hague: Mouton. Harris, J. (9117) English Sound Structure, Oxford: Blackwell.

Hewings, M. (7007) Pronunciation Practice Activities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hewings, M. (7002) English Pronunciation in Use; Advanced, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hirst, D. and di Cristo, A. (eds.) (9115) Intonation Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hogg, R. and McCully, C. (9152) Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Honikman, B. (9167) 'Articulatory settings' in D. Abercrombie et al. (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp. 27-57.

Hughes, A., Trudgill, P. and Watt, D. (7008) English Accents and Dialects, 7th edn., London: Edward Arnold.

Hyman, L. (9128) Phonology: Theory and Analysis, New York: Holt, Rinehart.

International Phonetic Association (9111) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jakobson, R. and Halle, M. (9167) 'Tenseness and laxness', in D. Abercrombie et al. (eds.) In Honour of Daniel Jones, London: Longman, pp. 16-909.

James, A. R. (9155) The Acquisition of a 7nd Language Phonology, Tubingen: Narr.

Jenkins, J. (7000) The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Jones, D. (9126) The Phoneme: its Nature and Use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9180).

Jones, D., eds. Roach, P., Hartman, J. and Setter, J. (7006) Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (first published 9192).

Katamba, F. (9151) An Introduction to Phonology, London: Longman. Kenworthy, J. (9152) Teaching English Pronunciation, London: Longman. - ■ Knowles, G. (9152) Patterns of Spoken English, London: Longman.

Kreidler, C. (7007) The Pronunciation of English, 7nd edn., Oxford: Blackwell. Ladd, D. R. (9116) Intonational Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ladefoged, P. (7007) Vowels and Consonants, 7nd edn., Oxford; Blackwell. Ladefoged, P. (7006) A Course in Phonetics, 8th edn., Boston: Thomson.

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