file-13798764132

7

6

2

Chapter 11

9In this data there is no evidence of r) contrasting with n, since r) never occurs except before k and g. So all phonetic 97 consonants are phonemic n.

7 a)

7The phoneme t is realised as [t ] when it occurs between vowels if the preceding vowel is stressed and the following vowel is unstressed.

7

8a) All the vowels are close or close-mid (or between these heights).

b)All require the tongue blade to be raised for their articulation, and all are in the alveolar or postalveolar region.

c)None of these requires the raising of the tongue blade - all are front or back articulations.

d)All are voiceless.

e)All are rounded or end with lip-rounding.

f)All are approximants (they create very little obstruction to the airflow).

Chapter 41

9a) A | bird in the | hand is worth | two in the | bush |

b)| Over a | quarter of a | century has e | lapsed since his | death |

759

c)Com | puters con | sume a con j siderable a | mount of | money and | time |

d)| Most of them have a | rrived on the j bus |

e)| Newspaper | editors are in | variably | under | worked |

(the stress levels of 'Rolls' and 'Royce' are exchanged to avoid "stress clash" between 'Royce' and 'ra-'.) 7

7a)

(Each of the above represents just one possible pronunciation: many others are possible.)

8If I give him /money he goes and \spends it If I lend him the /bike he \loses it

Hes completely unre\liable

757

Chater 51

9(This is an exercise where there is more than one correct answer.)

a)buy it for me

b)hear it

c)talk to him

7a) 'mind the step

b)'this is the 'ten to 'seven train

c)'keep the 'food hot

7 a) 'Only when the vwind –blows

b) /When did you -say

c) ‘What was the \name of the .place

Chapter 13

757

e) \Now will you be .live me

7 a) ,opp ort /un it y

b)vac tua lly

c)\con fid ent ly

d)mag ni fi cent

e) re /la tion ship

f) ,af ter vnoon

Chapter 18

(The following are possible intonation patterns, but others could be correct.) 9. Its 'rather vcold

7. Be 'cause I 'cant a\fford it

7. Youre \silly then

7. Oh vplease

8. .Seven o/clock | ,seven/thirty | and \eight 6. Four

2. Ive ,got to ,do the /shopping 5. vSome of them -might

757

Chapter 51

9a) right I can I do the shopping for you

b)right | can I do the shopping for you

c)first the professor explained her theory

d)no | first the professor explained her theory

e)first she explained her theory

f)no | ten past three

g)no | ten past three

h)no I ten past three

7a) he wrote the letter sadly

b)he wrote the letter | sadly

c)four plus six | divided by two | equals five

d)four | plus six divided by two I equals seven

e)we broke one thing I after another fell down

f)we broke one thing after another I that night

Chapter 20

9. This accent has a distribution for r) similar to BBC pronunciation (i.e. a case can be made for a N phoneme), except that in the case of the participial '-ing' ending n is found instead of N.

7. This accent has two additional long vowels (e:, O:) and, correspondingly, two fewer diphthongs (eI, @U). This situation is found in many Northern accents.

7. The fricatives T, D, h are missing from the phoneme inventory, and f, v are used in place of T, D. This accent has w where BBC pronunciation has "dark l". This is typical of a Cockney accent.

7. This data is based on the traditional working-class accent of Bristol, where words of more than one syllable do not usually end in a. The accent is rhotic, so where there is an 'r' in the spelling (as in 'mother') an r is pronounced: where the spelling does not have 'r', an l sound is added, resulting in the loss of distinctiveness in some words (cf. 'idea', 'ideal'; 'area', 'aerial').

8. Here we appear to have three vowels where BBC pronunciation has two: the word 'cat' has the equivalent of ee, 'calm' has a vowel similar to a: while in the set of words that have { in many Northern accents ('plaster', 'grass', etc.) an additional long vowel a: is used. This is found in Shropshire.

758

Answers to recorded exercises

756

Audio Unit 6

Exercise 3

752

755

Audio Unit 1

Exercise 3

Audio Unit 12

Exercise 3

9. ' ' ' '

7. ' ' '

7. ' ' '

7. ' ' ' '

8. ' ' '

751

Exercise 3

9. 'James de'cided to 'type the 'letter him'self

7. The 'plane was a'pproaching the 'runway at 'high 'speed 7. 'Try to 'see the 'other 'persons 'point of 'view

7. You 'put your 'brakes on when the 'light 'turns to 'red 8. In a 'short 'time the 'house was 'full of 'children

Audio Unit 16

Exercise 0

9. | 'Each | 'person in the | 'group was | 'trained in sur | 'vival | 7. A | 'bout | 'three | 'hundred | 'soldiers were | 'lined | 'up |

7. | 'Buying a | 'new com | 'puter is a | 'major ex | 'pense |

7. | 'All the | 'people who I 'came to the | 'wedding were from | 'England ! 8. | 'Try to be as | 'tactful as you | 'can when you | 'talk to him |

Exercise 2

Note: When recordings of conversational speech are used, it is no longer possible to give definite decisions about "right" and "wrong" answers. Some problems, points of interest and alternative possibilities are mentioned.

9. (Careful speech would have had bju:tIfl or bju:tIfUl.)

7. (Careful speech would have , or ; notice that this speaker uses a glottal stop at the end of 'definite' so that the transcription - phonetic rather than phonemic — would be acceptable. There is a good example of assimilation in the pronunciation of 'one there'; as often happens when n and 6 are combined, the n becomes dental n. In addition, the loses its friction - which is always weak - and becomes a dental nasal, so that this could be transcribed phonetically as )

7. (Careful speech would have ; the is long, so the symbol is written twice to indicate this.)

710