final_ecology_1
.docxA bird, such as a magpie, that inhabits different regions of Eurasia, North America and North Africa refers to the follow ecological group: eurobionts
A community includes: all population in an area
A person, who would say: “Oil drilling in the national park is important for the oil production and consumption of the country’s market,”- has the following worldview:
A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups: most of the population is pre-reproductive or reproductive
A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community: niche
A rodent that eats most of the seeds of a dessert shrub would be best described as: primary consumer
A special protected territory that is completely removed from an economical use is: zapovednik
A special protected territory that is partially permitted for an economical activity is: zapovednik
A system of the long-term control of environment and biosphere process is: Sustainable Development
A volcanic eruption is an example of: a density-independent factor
Abiotic factors are: the nonliving components of an ecosystem
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include: sunlight
According to number pyramids, a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level: decreases
Acid rain is harmful because it can: dissolve nutrients and toxic metals in the soil
Acid rain is: rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic
Acid rain occur as: rain, snow, mist, fog, hail
Adaptation of life in a river is primarily determined by:
All of these are fossil fuels Except:
All the populations in an area form: community
Alternative sources of energy include: sun, wind and waves
Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is: 10%
An ecosystem includes: all the interacting parts – living organisms and the environment
An estuary is an area where: is a biome found throughout the world freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea ( great variation in temperature and salinity, exposure to the air during low tide)
An example of a reservoir for phosphorus would be: phosphorus – containing rock stratums and deposits of inorganic and orgabic phosphorus compounds
An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is: mutualism
Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: automobile exhausts
Any factor affecting organisms is:
Autecology– is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to: individual organisms
Autotrophic organisms are: plants
Availability of space, susceptibility to disease, and number of predation are all: density dependent factors
Biological diversity does NOT include: terrestrial, marine, aquatic
Biological magnification is the process of: increasing concentration of hazardous wastes through food chains
Biological needs of water by a person per day are: 2.5
Biological pollutants can include: biological contaminants include bacteria, molds, mildew, viruses, animal danger, cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, pollen
Biosphere is: that area of the earth where life exist ( entire surface of the earth and its organism)
Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include: pollination of flowers by insects
Boreal forests refer to:
By eating higher up on the trophic level in an ecological pyramid, humans: omnivores
Carcinogens are factors that can specifically cause:
Chemical pollutants can include: household, acids, petrol, kerosene, paint thinner
Chemical substances that specifically control the population growth of undesirable plants are called: herbicides
Competition, predation, and symbiosis are all types of: biotic relationships
Complex system that includes all interacting species in a particular area is called: ecosystem
Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are: herbivores
Consumers, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called: carnivores
Consumers, such as vulture, that feed on organisms that have recently died are: scavengers
Consumers, such as wolves, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are: carnivores
Countries with low fertility rate have: population decline
Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “tree – rabbit – fox”: producer – primary consumer – secondary consumer
Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies: common characteristics of population in an ecosystem
Detritus is: non-living particulate organic material
Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is: nitrogen - oxygen - argon - carbon dioxide
Domestic use of water includes: 6%
Dynamic characteristics of population is: population growth rate
Ecological crisis includes all Except:
Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is: critical
Ecological factors that limit life distribution in tundra’s permafrost are: temperature, food shortage
Ecological factors that limit life in the ocean BUT do not usually limit distribution of life on the land are: sunlight
Ecological footprint (of a country or each person) is: the average amount of productive land and ocean needed to supply with food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal
Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by: Commoner
Ecological niches of species living together can: competite
Ecology is a science that studies: interaction between organisms and environment
Ecosystem is all Except:
Ecosystem is: an ecological unit that includes biotic and abiotic factors
Energy sources, such as solar energy and geothermal energy may help to reduce consumption of: the traditional energy sources functioning on oil, gas, and coal.
Environment created by people is: “third nature” or “art-nature”
Environment is: outside the organism in which an organism lives and which affects it
Environment that is changed by people is: second nature or quasi-nature
Erosion is the loss of soil that results from: abiotic factors
Eutrophic lakes are: rich in organic matter and vegetation, making the waters relatively murky
Eutrophication of water is accompanied with: intensive algae propagation
Evolution stage of biosphere transformed by people activity and changed by their scientific consciousness is: noonsphere
Example of interspecific competition is relationship between: black cockroaches and red cockroaches
Ex-situ conservation of species means protection of components of biodiversity: Botanical gardens, nursery, seeds storehouses
External cost is: harmful environmental or social cost borne by people not directly involved in buying or selling a product
Eyrobionts are organisms with: large range tolerance to an ecological factors are called
Factors that cause uncontrolled cell division resulting tumor are: cancerogens
Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called: teratogens
Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are: mutagens
For the spotted owl, “old growth forest” is its:
Habitat destruction is the main cause of: extinction of the species
Habitats are: the place or set of environmental conditions in which organisms live (soil, water)
Habitats of waterfowl are: wetlands
Haeckel is the author of the term: “Ecology”
Hazardous waste does not include: acidic resins, arsenic, heavy metals, organic solvents, preticides, and radioactive materials.
Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as: plants
Heterotrophic organisms are: jellyfish
Homeothermic organisms are: birds and mammals
If you measure the biomass of an ecosystem, you are measuring: the total dry weight of the organisms in the ecosystem (g/acre)
In his essay on population Thomas Malthus argued that human population would double every 25 years if: non-limited amount of resources
Indicate the name of Kazakhstan national park: Bayanayil, ile Alatau, Kokshetau, Altyn-Emel, Karkaraly, Burabay, Katon-Karagay, Kolsay, Sayram-ugam, Charyn
Indicate the name of Kazakhstan reserve: Aksu-Jabagly, Almaty, Barsa – Kelmes, West Altay, Korgalzhin, Markakol, Naurzym, Ustyurt, Alakol, Karatau
Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s national park: Altyn Emel
Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s reserve among the following list: Aksu Jabagly
Industrial use of water includes: 21%
Industries can contribute to pollution from waste if: they pollute water
Industries can decrease their impact on habitats if they:
Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by: recycling water during industrial operations
Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they: pollute water
Industries contribute to water pollution if they: release any pollutants as effluent
In-situ conservation of species means protection of components of biodiversity: National parks, reserves, refuges, zapovedniks
Land area of the Earth occupied by the forest (including tropical, moderate, boreal) is: about 25%
Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is: about 5%
Lions and tigers are on the same trophic level because they: have the same ration, both of carnivors
Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause: skin cancer and eye damage
Most of the energy that enters a trophic level:
Mutagens are factors that can specifically cause: affect genetic material
Natural environment that is weakly changed by human is: “first nature” or ecological space
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by: nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Nonrenewable resources include: minerals
Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that: is transformed by conscious human activity
Old field succession: a version of secondary succession – replacement of population abandoned farm field
Oligotrophic lakes are: contain little organic matter
Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called: biodegredable
Organic material that cannot be decomposed by bacteria is called: nonbiodegradable or smth like that
Organisms in the deserts must be adapted to low levels of: water
Organisms that use ready food are called: heterotrophs
Organisms with a body temperature depending on environment temperature are: poikilotehermics
Organisms with a constant temperature not depending on environment temperature are: homeothermics
Organisms with a large range tolerance to an ecological factor are called: eyrobionts
Organisms with a narrow range tolerance to temperature are called: stenobionts
Percentage of Kazakhstan’s soil that is undergone to desertification: about 70%
Permafrost is: a permanently frozen layer of ground over 500 m thick
Plants and animals become adapted to life in particular biomes through a process of: evolution by natural selection ( mechanism of evolution was determined by Charles Darwin)
Plants in an ecosystem play the following role: synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds
Plants of dry habitats adapted to drought and water shortage are: xerophytes
Poikilothermic are organisms with: a body temp. depending on environment temp.
Population growth is exponential when: the birthrate reaches its biotic potential
Population growth rate is: individuals number change in a population over specific period of time
Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of: producers
Primary succession is the sequential replacement of populations starting: in an area that has not previously supported life such as bare rock or a sand dune.
Real consumption of water by a person per day is: 1500
Regularity suggesting that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by: Shelgorda’s principle of tolerance limit
Regularity suggesting that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by: Liebig a’s law of minimum
Renewable resources include: humus
Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to: 10C and 30C, correspondingly
Secondary succession is the sequential replacement of populations that occurs in all cases, EXCEPT: secondary s-sequential replacement of population
Section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to individual organisms is: autecology
Section of ecology that studies biotic relationships between different species is: autecology
Social ecology is a science about: environmental health, anthropogenic factor
Social environment includes: interrelationship between people
Species diversity is higher: rainforest
Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called: endemic
Statistic characteristic of population is: population number
Stenobionts are organisms with: narrow range tolerance to an ecological factor
Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by: global ecology
Structure, number and dynamic processes in a population are studied by: demecology
Succession is a process where: a community changes overtime
Sunlight falling on the green plant primarily: cause photosynthesis ( chlorophyll)
Surrounding of the individuals in which an organism lives and which affects it is: environment
Survival rate is: a number of individuals survived over specific period of time.
Sustainable living in an economical system means all Except:
Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be: ensured the durability of them for future generations
Symbiosis is the close association between different species in the system:
Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies: changes of communities overtime
Teratogens are factors that can specifically cause:
Term “Sustainable development” referred to ecology was first introduced at: Earth Declaration on environment and development, Rio-de-Janeiro, 1992
The amount of the earth’s water supply available to land organisms is: less than 1%
The area of the earth occupied with living things is called: biosphere
The author of the study about biosphere is: Vernadsky
The average renewal rate of lakes is: 17 years
The average renewal rate of rivers is: about 12-17 days
The average renewal rate of underground waters is: 1400 years
The base of the food chain in marine system is composed of: phytoplankton
The basic national current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan: Concept of Ecological Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2015
The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is: Ecological Code
The biological community on the islands created after volcanic eruption is the result of: secondary succession
The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement: the population exhibits J-shaped growth curve
The cause of habitat damage and destruction is: anthropogenic factor
The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
The combustion of fossil fuel has increased atmospheric levels of: CO2, CO
The concept of environmental justice is best described as a concern for:
The concept of living component of biosphere was proposed by: Vernadsky
The earth’s biomes are controlled primarily by: temperature and precipitation
The exchange pool for carbon in a carbon cycle is: When chemicals are held for only short periods of time, they are being held in exchange pools. Examples of exchange pools include plants and animals
The first stage in demographic transition is: hight birth and death rates, population growth slowly
The following are not domesticated: some plants were not domesticated until recently such as the macadamia nut and the pecan
The following compounds generally destroy ozone layer: two primary threats : 1. release of CFC 2. jet travel in the stratosphere (nitric oxide, NO)
The following is Not correctly matched: herbivore-autotroph
The global human population grew very slowly until: the industrial revolution
The global warming is primarily caused by: increase of greenhouse gases concentration
The greenhouse gases are the following: CO2 CFCs, CH4, NO, NO2, tropospheric ozone
The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth: 0-15 km and 15-55 km respectively
The International basic document about greenhouse gases control is: Kyoto protocol
The International basic document about ozone layer safety is: Montreal protocol
The International Convention about land degradation control is:
The International Convention about protection of animals and plants to be at risk of extinction is: International Union for Conservation of nature
The International Convention about wildlife protection is: Convention on Biological Diversity
The International Convention on control of persistent organic pollutants is: Stockholm convention
The largest landscape zone of Kazakhstan is: desert
The main air pollutants in Kazakhstan are: NO, ammonium
The main anthropogenic cause of desertification is: excessive livestock grazing
The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be: inverted
The main characteristic of energy pyramids of any ecosystem is that: the total amount of energy in each trophic level (kcal/cm2/year), never inverted
The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is: atmosphere temperature inversion
The main reason of Aral Sea catastrophe is: careless use of water for irrigation
The main reason of ozone destruction is: CFC gases
The main source of water pollution is: petrochemical industry
The major component of photochemical smog is: tropospheric ozone
The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are: phytoplankton
The natural reason of desertification is: wind and water erosion
The neritic zone is in: well-oxygenated water, low water pressure, and relatively stable temperature and salinity levels, light, photosynthetic life
The number of the world described species is: 1.7million
The number of the world endangered animals (vertebrates) species: 6000 animals
The number of the world endangered plants (flowering) species is: 25.000 plants
The numbers of national parks and reserves in Kazakhstan are: 10
The numbers of plants and animals species included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan are: 404 and 309, respectively
The objects of ecology in order to become less complicated: substance
The objects of ecology in order to become more complicated: ecosystem
The obvious effect caused by the global warming is: Rising sea levels, cataclysms
The organic part of the soil that helps it to retain its moisture and nutrients is: humus
The percent of the earth surface covered by water versus to land is: 70%
The pH of acid rain is: below 5
The physical area in which an organism lives is its: habitat
The population of a country will neither shrink nor grow when, on average, each family has:
The primary body responsible for nature protection in Kazakhstan is: Ministry of Environment Protection
The primary cause of species extinction is: destruction of habitats
The primary reason of acid rain is: burning fossil fuels
The salt concentration of Aral Sea water in 1960s to 2000 year increased: 3 times
The sigmoidal growth curve is typical of a population that: is regulated by density-dependent factors
The surface area of Aral Sea from 1960s to 2000 year decreased to: 50%
The term “Biosphere” was introduced by: Suess
The term “Ecology” was introduced by: Haeckel
The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: Tansley
The term “Noosphere” was introduced by: Le Rois
The water level of Aral Sea from 1960s to 2000 year fell to: 16-18m
The way of greenhouse gases reduction is: alternative sources of energy, using energy as afficiently, avoiding CFC and haloons.
The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: eat herbivore organisms
The world amount of fresh water is: about 3%
The worldview that suggests that any species lives for its own sake is best described as:
To prevent or reduce waste it should be done: to use recycled materials whenever possible
To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done: to use alternative sources of energy
To solve the problem of acid rain it should be done to:
To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done: to replace or recycle freons used in fridge and cooling system
Tolerance is: limits of organism stability to effect of ecological factors
Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be: competitors
Type of biotic relationship when bacteria live and carry out fermentation in the stomach and the intestine of cattle is:
Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit: commensalism
Which of the following will result in the decrease of the population size:
Xerophytes are organisms that: are adapted to drought and environmental water shortage