Theory_2

Заняття № 6.

Asyndetic noun clusters and rendering their meaning into Ukrainian.

Translation of five-, sixand seven-componental ASC.

It must be noted that 5-7-componental ASC are used rather seldom in English newspaper or scientific and technical matter texts. The approach to their translating is very similar as to the translating of 4-componental ASC. The common models of 5-componental clusters are NN+NN+N, NNN+NN, AN+NN+NN, N+AN+NN+N-type, etc. sense units.

Covent Garden Opera House orchestra performance -

Виступ/гра оркестру (лондонського) оперного театру ”Конвент Ґарден”;

London County Council general purpose committee member –

Член комісії із загальних питань Ради Лондонського графства.

As you can see the usual way for translating multi-componental ASC starts with the head noun. It can/may start with the initial N-component:

London sheet metal workers section -

Лондонська філія профспілки робітників металопрокатних підприємств.

It can/may start with the second sense unit:

The Post Office Workers London district council –

Лондонська окружна рада профспілки поштових працівників.

The proper name can begin the translating:

New Zealand world mile record holder Peter Snell –

1.новозеландський світовий рекордсмен з бігу на милю Пітер Снелл;

2.новозеландець Пітер Снелл, чемпіон світу з бігу на милю;

In a descriptive way:

The City Cooper Square Community Development Committee-

Комісія/комітет по переплануванню площі Купера лондонського Сіті.

Sometimes, though rarely, the meaning of ASC can be rendered into Ukrainian by fewer words than in English:

the Turin public prosecutor – прокурор Туріна;

London building workers – лондонські будівельники; the old books salesman – букініст;

the land improvement work – меліорація; the crop farmers – хлібороби.

We should remember that the use of threeand more componental ASC is mostly restricted to the newspaper and scientific or technical matter texts. In spoken English and in belles-lettres texts preference is given to prepositional word-groups which can/may easily transformed into ASC:

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The ways of translating the names of public bodies, offices and institutes…from Ukrainian into English have some peculiarities:

Львівський театр опери та балету ім. Заньковецької –

Lviv Zan’kovets’ka Opera and Ballet House.

Київська станція метро “Шулявська” –

The Kyiv Shuliavs’ka underground railway station.

Харківський педагогічний університет ім. Г. Сковороди –

Kharkiv H. Skovoroda Teachers’ Training University.

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Заняття № 7.

Translation of English Verbals and Verbal Constructions/Complexes.

Ways of translating the English Infinitive.

1. The subject:

To get Irene out of London…that was the thing.

Вивезти Айріні за місто…- в цьому було все.

2.The simple nominal predicate:

A gentleman to strike a lady!

Щоб чоловікові вдарити жінку!

3.Part of a compound predicate/or predicative:

You will have to wait until you hear from me again.

Вам доведеться почекати, доки я знову сповіщу про себе.

4. The Object (simple, extended or expanded):

She taught him to sit at a table and not put his elbows on it.

Вона вчила його сидіти за столом і не класти на нього руки.

5. An attribute:

Can I give you anything to eat or to drink?

Дати вам щось поїсти чи попити?

6.An adverbial modifier (of purpose, result or consequence) may be translated into Ukrainian by щоб-phrase:

It was too interesting to go farther.

Було занадто цікаво, щоб йти далі.

Ways of translating Infinitival complexes.

1.The complex subject may be expressed by the subordinate clause:

For me to see you is the happiest minute in my life…

Побачити тебе – для мене найщасливіша мить у житті…

2.A complex predicative may be expressed by a simple verbal predicate:

It is not for you to make terms.

Це не тобі ставити умови.

3.A complex object may be a simple or extended object in Ukrainian:

We are waiting for the boys back from Hanoi.

Ми чекаємо (на) повернення наших хлопців з Ганоя.

4.An attribute to a nominal part of speech:

There was no room for us to sit down.

Не було місця, де можна було сісти.

5.An adverbial modifier of purpose or result may be a subordinate clause or an infinitive:

I left something under your door for you to read it.

Я дещо залишив тобі під дверима, щоб ти почитав/тобі почитати.

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Заняття № 8.

Translation of English Verbals and Verbal Constructions/Complexes.

Ways of translating the participles.

1. Mostly with the help of attributive subordinate clauses:

The house was full with nieces and nephews moving here and there.

Будинок був сповнений небог та небожів, що бігали туди-сюди.

2. English past participle may be Ukrainian past participle:

Her face with swollen eyes and swollen lips looked terrible.

Її обличчя з підпухлими очима та розпухлими губами мало жахливий вигляд.

3.English predicative participles may be a simple verbal predicate:

She came back home buying a loaf of bread for the supper.

Вона поверталась додому і купила буханець хліба на вечерю.

4.English past participle may be translated with the help of perfective and non-perfective verbs:

The street was deserted.

Вулиця була спорожніла.

5.English Indefinite and perfect participles may be “diyepryslivnyks” (adverbial participle) in Ukrainian:

Reading English books I write out new words.

Читаючи англійські книжки, я виписую нові слова.

Having read this book he realized how important to have real friends.

Прочитавши цю книгу, він збагнув як важливо мати справжніх друзів.

6.Some English present participles may be “diyepryslivnyks” in Ukrainian:

Then he cut chemistry from the list, retaining only physics.

Потім він викреслив із списку хімію, залишивши тільки фізику.

7.English passive participles may be “diyepryslivnyks”:

Ashamed of our stupidity she murmured:

“Of course, of course.”

Зніяковівши від нашої нетямущості, вона промимрила: “Авжеж, авжеж.”

The translating of the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions

The Absolute Participial Complex/Construction is a construction in which a participle has his own subject expressed by a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative Case. The Absolute Participle Construction is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of time, cause, manner (способу дії) or attending circumstances (супровідних обставин) and condition (умови). All the forms of the Participle are used in the Absolute Participle Construction.

It can/may be translated into Ukrainian:

1. a subordinate adverbial clause (підрядним обставинним реченням):

The letter being written I went to post it.

Коли лист був написаний, я пішов відправити його.

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2. a simple clause as a part of a complex sentence:

They went quickly out of the house, Jude accompanying her to the station.

Вони швидко вийшли з дому, i Джуд провів її до вокзалу.

3. an adverbial participle construction (дієприслівниковий зворот):

Her face smiling, she came into the room.

Усміхаючись, вона увійшла в кімнату.

Besides the Absolute Participle Construction/Complex may be translated into Ukrainian by the main clause in a subordinate one, inserted clause, a noun with a preposition:

She sat down at the table, her hands beginning to tremble.

Коли вона сідала за стіл, її руки починали тремтіти.

He came into the room, his face smiling.

Він увійшов до кімнати з усміхненим обличчям.

The Absolute Participle Complex may be introduced by the preposition with. In this case it is used in the function of adverbial modifier of manner (способу дії) or attending circumstances (супровідних обставин):

She was sitting on the ground, with her head and one arm lying on a chair.

Вона сиділа на долі, а голова її і одна рука лежали на стільці.

He was standing, with his arms crossed and his head bent.

Він стояв, схрестивши руки і опустивши голову.

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Заняття № 10.

Modality as an extralingual category.

Modality as an extralingual category expressing the relation of content to reality has in English and Ukrainian common means of realization. These include:

a)phonological means (stress and intonation);

b)lexico-grammatical means (modal verbs);

c)lexical means (modal words and modal expressions) conveying subjective modality;

d)grammatical means (mood forms of the verb) conveying grammatical modality.

The expression of modal meanings by phonological means has often an identical realization in both languages, though in Ukrainian the lexical means such as modal particles and modal adverbs are mostly preferred here. These means may also express the most subtle meanings of suggestion, admonition, supposition, doubt, assuredness, etc. Among the most frequently used particles, which create such and other meanings, are аж, ж, хоч, б, би, і, й, -но, -то, саме, таки, etc., and also adverbs авжеж, адже, надто, певне, напевне, все ж, все ж таки, мов, немов, ніби and some others. The choice of the particle or modal adverb is predetermined by the content, though sometimes it rests only with the translator, who may employ stronger or weaker means to convey the modal meaning in the sentence.

CAN

has the following forms:

can – the Present tense of the Indicative Mood.

could – the Past tense of the Indicative Mood.

could – the Subjunctive II Mood.

I.Can followed by the Indefinite Infinitive expresses:

1.PHYSICAL OR MENTAL ABILITY (CAPACITY, CAPABILITY) (in all kinds of sentences) (can = the Present tense; could = the Past tense)

Synonyms: to know how to do smth; to have the ability to do smth; to be able to do smth.

He can perform complicated operations.

Can she translate well?

He couldn’t feel or hear anything.

2.POSSIBILITY (in all kinds of sentences) (can = the Present tense; could = the past tense)

Synonyms: to be able to do smth; it is possible to do smth.

a)possibility due to circumstances (= circumstantial possibility) At the chemist’s you can get medicines of all kinds.

b)possibility due to existing rules or laws. In old days a man could be sentenced to death for a small crime.

c)possibility of the idea (= theoretical possibility) The sea can be rough. = The sea is sometimes rough.

3.PERMISSION (in affirmative sentences) Synonyms: to permit, to be allowed.

ASKING FOR PERMISSION (in interrogative sentences). Can I take your book? – Yes, you can. (You can take my book.)

4.PROHIBITION (in negative sentences). You cannot take my book.

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5.REQUEST (in interrogative sentences) (“Can” sounds polite; “Could” (=

Subjunctive II) sounds very polite). Can (could) you tell me the way to the station?

I.Can followed by any form of the infinitive expresses:

1.STRONG DOUBT (IMPROBABILITY, INCREDULITY) (in the negative sentences)

(couldn’t is less categorical, it expresses greater doubt)

Synonyms: It is hardly possible (impossible, incredible, doubtful, next to impossible) that I refuse to believe that…; I doubt that …; I don’t think it possible that… He cannot (could not) be so old. She cannot (could not) be writing now. He cannot (could not ) have been operated upon. They cannot (could not) have been keeping to a diet for several years.

2.SURPRISE, ASTONISHMENT (in general questions) Synonyms: Is it possible that…?, Do you believe that…? “Could” expresses greater surprise.

Can (could) he be so old?

Can (could) she be writing now?

Can (could) they have been keeping to a diet for several years?

3.EMOTIONAL COLOURING (in special questions), “could” is more emotional.

What can you know of such things?

How can you have made such a mistake? What can he have been doing all this time?

4.UNREALITY (usually with the meaning of hypothetical possibility)

Synonyms: would be able to do…, would have been able to do…, Only “could “ is used = the form of the Subjunctive II Mood.

If he were here he could help us.

If he had been there he could have helped us.

II.1.“Could” (Subjunctive II) expresses REPROACH (in the meaning “could” is interchangeable with “might”)

You could have met at the station.

2. “Can/could” may be used in adverbial clauses of purpose.

I have bought you the magazine so that you can/could read it. Yesterday I brought you the magazine so that you could read it.

MAY

has the following forms: may – the Present tense of the Indicative Mood might – the Past tense of the Indicative Mood

might – the Subjunctive II Mood

I. May followed by the Indefinite Infinitive expresses: 1. PERMISSION ( in the affirmative sentences)

Synonyms: to have permission to do smth; to be allowed to; to be permitted to.

I have two novels. So you may take one of them. Mother said you might take some oranges.

2. ASKING FOR PERMISSION AND REQUEST (in the interrogative sentences)

May I see him in the hospital on Tuesday? He asked me if he might rest for an hour. Might I spend the week-end with you?

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3. PROHIBITION (in the negative sentences)

“May” is seldom used to express prohibition (usually mustn’t, can’t, don’t, etc)

You may not enter the room until I say so. You may not go swimming.

4.POSSIBILITY (in the affirmative sentences) OF THE FACT (or factual possibility).

One may often see them walking along the street. I hope your dream may come true.

It was so quiet that we might hear a pin drop.

“May” is replaced by “can” in interrogative and negative sentences.

II.May followed by any form of the infinitive expresses:

1.SUPPOSITION IMPLYING DOUBT, UNCERTAINTY (in the affirmative and negative sentences).

“Might” is more uncertain

Synonyms: perhaps, maybe.

She looks pale. She may (might) be ill. He may (might) not have recovered yet.

They may (might) have been waiting for us for an hour.

2. REPROACH (mainly in the affirmative sentences) only “might” (Subjunctive II) with the indefinite and perfect infinitives.

You might carry the parcel for me.

You might have opened the door for me.

He is shivering with cold. You might be more attentive to him.

3.UNREALITY (hypothetical possibility) only “might” (Subjunctive II), mainly in the affirmative sentences.

If someone were to make a mistake, the whole plan might be ruined.

If someone had made a mistake, the whole plan might have been ruined. It was very windy and I might have caught cold.

III.May/might may be also used in:

(in this case “may” and “might” are called “quasi-subjunctive auxiliaries”)

1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE:

Sit here so that I may see your face more clearly. He died so that others might live.

2. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:

No matter how tired he may/might be, he will go to the concert.

3.OBJECT, PREDICATIVE AND ATTRIBUTIVE APPOSITIVE CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OR NOUNS EXPRESSING WISH, FEAR, HOPE:

The prisoner had hopes that he might be set free. (attr. appositive)

Her constant fear is that she may/might have made some error. (predicative) We all wished he might win. (object)

4. SET EXPRESSIONS:

a) May as well (might as well, might just as well) + Infinitive

I may as well take the child with me. (Я, мабуть, візьму дитину з собою. Мабуть, краще буде, якщо я візьму дитину з собою.)

You may as well give him the letter. I might as well stay at home tonight. b) It might have been worse.

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Things are not so bad after all. c) If I may say so …

If I may say so, I think you have treated him badly.

TO HAVE (GOT) TO

as a modal verb can have all the necessary tense forms. It is combined only with the Non-Perfect (Indefinite) Infinitive with the particle “to”.

The modal verb “to have to” expresses:

1.OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY ARISING OUT OF CIRCUMSTANCES Synonym: to be obliged.

He has to go right now.

She knew what she had to do.

I shall have to reconsider my position. Did he have to tell them about it? Why do I have to do everything?

2.ABSENCE OF NECESSITY (in negative sentences)

(don’t (doesn’t) have to…, didn’t have to…, haven’t (hasn’t) got to…) = needn’t

You don’t have to stay with me, if it bothers you. She knew what she didn’t have to do.

NOTE: the interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb “to have to” are built up by means of the auxiliary verb “to do”.

Have to replaces must where must cannot be used:

a)to express past necessity or obligation:

They had to do what they where told.

b)to express absence of necessity (in the sense of “needn’t”), because “must not” means prohibition:

You don’t have to make another copy of the document; this copy will be quite satisfactory.

c) to express future obligation (in the case the obligation is more precise):

You will have to take a taxi if you mean to catch the train.

MUST

has only one form for the present tense. It may also be used in reported speech. (the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with “must”)

I.Must followed by the Indefinite Infinitive may express:

1.OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, DUTY. (from the speaker’s point of view or with no freedom of choice)

Synonyms: to be obliged to; it’s necessary for somebody to do something (absence of necessity is expressed by other verbs (have, need)).

You must talk to him about this incident. Must you really go so soon?

I decided I must stop smoking.

2. PROHIBITION (in negative sentences) Synonym: to be forbidden

Students mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.

Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance.

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