25 Derivational analysis and its basic units.
The aim of derivational analysis is to establish structural and semantic patterns words are built on, i.e. its derivative structure.
E.g. v+sf= N encourage/ment
The basic unit of derivational system are:
Microunits (derivational bases, affixes, patterns)
Macrounits (the derivational raw and cluster)
Derivational base is the starting point for different words: the nominal base ‘hand’ gives rise to nouns ‘hand-bag’, short-hand.
Bases are functionally and semantically distinct from all kind of stem.
The morphological stem is the part of the word which is the starting point for its forms. The stem remains unchanged through its word-forms : filmstar, film stars
A structural classification of derivational bases
Stucturally derivational bases fall into 3 classes:
Bases that coincide with morphological stems: e.g. day-dream , day-dream/er
Bases that coincide with word-form: un/smiling, un/known
Bases that coincide with word-groups of different degree of stability: second-rate/ness
The microUnits.
Derivational affixes are ICs of numerous derivatives in all parts of speech.
Derivational affixes possess
two basic functions: 1) that of s t e m - b u i l d i n g which is
common to all affixational morphemes: derivational and non-derivational.
It is the function of shaping a morphemic sequence, or a word-form or a
phrase into the part of the word capable of taking a set of grammatical inflections
and is conditioned by the part-of-speech meaning these morphemes
possess; 1 2) that of w o r d - b u i l d i n g which is the function
of repatterning a derivational base and building a lexical unit of a structural
and semantic type different from the one represented by the source
unit. The repatterning results in either transferring it into the stem of another
part of speech or transferring it into another subset within the same
part of speech. For example, the d e r i v a t i o n a l s u f f i x -ness
applied to bases of different classes shapes d e r i v e d stems thus making
new words. In kindliness, girlishness, etc. it repatterns the adjectival
stems kindly-, girlish-, in second-rate-ness, allatonceness it turns the
phrases second rate, all at once into stems and consequently forms new
nouns. In most cases derivational affixes perform b o t h functions simultaneously
shaping derived stems and marking the relationship between
different classes of lexical items. However, certain derivational affixes
may in individual sets of words perform only one function that of stembuilding.
A de r i v a t i o n a l p a t t e r n is a r e g u l a r meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together. A pattern is a generalisation,
a scheme indicative of the type of ICs, their order and arrangement
which signals the part of speech, the structural and semantic
peculiarities common to all the individual words for which the pattern
holds true (or der. Pattern is a scheme on which words are made up):
im/person/a/liz/ation – pf+R+3sf (morphological composition)
impersonaliz/ation - v+sf= N (derivational pattern)
The Macro Units
A derivational raw (set) is a group of words built on the same derivational pattern, e.g. fatherless, brotherless.
The word of derivational raw posses the identical affixal morpheme (e.g. - -less)
The words of derivational raw have the same structure meaning, though each of them has a meaning of its own (in the given example the common derivational meaning – devoid of smth denoted by the base )
Derivational cluster (дерево) – is a complex unity of words possesing the same root-morpheme but built on different patterns and characterized by specific organization.
Father
To- -hood - less
-ly
The result of of der. Analysis : simple words, derived, compound words
Або коротко 24 і 25 разом)
There are two levels of approach to the study
of word-structure: the level of morphemic
analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.
2. The basic unit of the morphemic level is the morpheme defined as
the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.
3. Three types of morphemic segmentability of words are distinguished
in linguistic literature: complete, conditional and defective. Words
of conditional and defective segmentability are made up of full morphemes
and pseudo (quasi) morphemes. The latter do not rise to the status
of full morphemes either for semantic reasons or because of their unique
distribution.
4. Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and affixational
morphemes (prefixes and suffixes); structurally into free, bound and semifree
(semi-bound) morphemes.
5. The structural types of words at the morphemic level are described
in terms of the number and type of their ICs as monomorphic and polymorphic
words.
6. Derivational level of analysis aims at finding out the derivative
types of words, the interrelation between them and at finding out how different
types of derivatives are constructed.
7. Derivationally all words form two structural classes: simplexes, i.e.
simple, non-derived words and complexes, or derivatives. Derivatives fall
into: suffixal derivatives, prefixal derivatives, conversions and compounds.
The relative importance of each structural type is conditioned by
its frequency value in actual speech and its importance in the existing
word-stock.
Each structural type of complexes shows preference for one or another
part of speech. Within each part of speech derivative structures are characterised
by a set of derivational patterns.
8. The basic elementary units of the derivative structure are: derivational
bases, derivational affixes, derivational patterns.
9. Derivational bases differ from stems both structurally and semantically.
Derivational bases are built on the following language units: a)
stems of various structure, b) word-forms, c) word-groups or phrases.
Each class and subset of bases has its own range of collocability and
shows peculiar ties with different parts of speech.
10. Derivational affixes form derived stems by repatterning derivational
bases. Semantically derivational affixes present a unity of lexical
meaning and other types of meaning: functional, distributional and differential
unlike non-derivational affixes which lack lexical meaning.
11. Derivational patterns (DP) are meaningful arrangements of various
types of ICs that can be observed in a set of words based on their mutual
interdependence. DPs can be viewed in terms of collocability of each IC.
There are two types of DPs — structural that specify base classes and individual
affixes, and structural-semantic that specify semantic peculiarities
of bases and the individual meaning of the affix. DPs of different levels of
generalisation signal: 1) the class of source unit that motivates the derivative
and the direction of motivation between different classes of words; 2)
the part of speech of the derivative; 3) the lexical sets and semantic features
of derivatives.