18. Look at the following illustration of a typical courtroom scene. Work with a partner to answer the following questions.
a. Who keeps a written record of what is said in court?
b. Who ensures that the trial is conducted according to the law?
c. Who is a person who has knowledge of the case and is called to testify in court?
d. Who deliberates on the facts of the case and delivers a verdict (decision)?
e. Who has custody of prisoners and maintains order in the court?
f. Who is the person against whom the court action has been taken?
g. Who initiates court action against the defendant?
h. Who takes care of records involved in the court case?
19. Listen to the lecture on the usa legal system.
The lecturer begins with a rather long introduction in which she attempts to provide some background to a rather technical discussion of the U.S. legal system, which is based on common law. She then goes on to discuss the jury system and, finally, plea bargaining. It is not necessary to take notes until she begins to compare common law to civil law. What is important is that your notes should reflect the basic organization and information of the lecture.
While listening again, write down necessary relevant détails below the main subtopics to which they belong.
20. Listen to the following questions, and write short answers. You will hear cach question one time only.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Check your answers with your teachcr.
21. Prepare a short oral report about the legsaI system of your country, comparing and contrasting it to the legal sys tem of the United States.
22. Discuss these questions in small groups. Appoint one person to report your group's responses for each question to the class.
1. Which system do you think results in more convictions, or guilty verdicts, and why: civil law as practiced in Europe or common law as practiced in Great Britain and the United States?
2. Compare the advantages of having a judge decide a case without a jury to the advantages of having a jury decide a case.
3. Which principle of law do you think is fairer, “innocent until proven guilty”- or “guilty until proven innocent”? Why?
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
Crime, commission of an act or act of omission that violates the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society or the community, as distinguished from torts and breach of contract.
As defined by law, a crime includes both the act, or actus reus, and the intent to commit the act, or mens rea. Criminal intent involves an intellectual apprehension of factual elements of the act or acts commanded or enjoined by the law. It is usually inferred from the apparently voluntary commission of an overt act. Criminal liability is relieved in the case of insanity. Legal minors are also relieved of criminal liability, as are people subjected to coercion or duress to such a degree as to render the commission of criminal acts involuntary. In most countries, crimes are defined and punished according to statutes. Punishments may include death, imprisonment, exile, fines, forfeiture of property, removal from public office, and disqualification from holding such office.
Unless the act of which a defendant is accused is expressly defined by statute or common law as a crime, no indictment or conviction for the commission of such an act can be legally sustained. This provision is important in establishing the difference between government by law and arbitrary or dictatorial government.
English law formerly distinguished between a felony and a misdemeanour, but this distinction was abolished in 1967, and the significant practical difference now rests on the type of trial applicable for the offence. Crimes can be divided into the most serious, which are triable only on indictment (before a jury), the least serious, which are triable summarily (before magistrates), and those triable either way (before either jury or magistrates).
Civil Law, term applied to the body of private law used in those countries in which the legal system is based on ancient Roman law as modified by medieval and modern influences. Civil law is used in most nations in Europe and Latin America, as well as in some countries in Asia and Africa. The law of the United States, Canada, and a number of other nations is based on English common law, which differs from civil law in origin and other important respects.
The term “civil law” is also employed to distinguish those legal codes that deal with civil relationships (such as citizenship, marriage, divorce, and certain contractual arrangements) from other codes such as those dealing with criminal law and maritime law.
Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes and fixes punishments for them. Also included in criminal law are rules and procedures for preventing and investigating crimes and prosecuting criminals, as well as the regulations governing the constitution of courts, the conduct of trials, the organization of police forces, and the administration of penal institutions. In general, the criminal law of most modern societies classifies crimes as offences against the safety of the society; offences against the administration of justice; offences against the public welfare; offences against property; and offences threatening the lives or safety of people.
In England and Wales criminal trials are heard in dedicated courts: the magistrates' court for less serious offences, and the Crown Court for all other offences. Reform of the law is under continuous examination by the Criminal Law Revision Committee, which reports to the Lord Chancellor (the head of the judiciary). The committee recently proposed a draft criminal code to unify all criminal offences in one format, but this has not yet been taken up by the government or Parliament.
In the United States, criminal law has a number of unique features. In many particulars it varies from state to state, for example. Underlying most of the divergences is an identity of standpoint and tradition derived from English common law, which is the origin of nearly all US law. Criminal law also classifies a crime with respect to its gravity, such as treason, felony, and misdemeanour.
Crime Detection, discovery, identification, and analysis of criminal evidence as a means of law enforcement. The responsibility of law enforcement agencies is to detect crimes, apprehend the perpetrators, and provide evidence that will convince judges and juries that the perpetrators are guilty beyond reasonable doubt. To accomplish these aims a variety of methods are used, including reconstructing the crime, collecting physical clues, and interrogating suspects and witnesses.
The methods of detection employed are dictated by the nature of the crime and the procedures permitted by the legal system. Most investigations begin with careful, objective observations that are then assembled, collated, and matched against applicable law. If there is reason to assume that a crime has indeed been committed, further investigation is undertaken using scientific methods and techniques. Technological advances have been incorporated into criminal investigation; for example, analysis of trace clues, such as dust, paint, glass, and other microscopic evidence, is now possible.
Criminal Procedure, legal system for determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime. In most English-speaking countries, the heart of the system is the presumption of innocence, whereby a defendant is innocent until proven guilty. In any criminal case it is up to the prosecution to prove the elements of the offence which make up guilt. The presumption takes further expression in the right of an accused not to give evidence (see right of silence), the right not to answer questions that might incriminate the answerer, and the right to cross-examine all prosecution witnesses. Similarly, a defendant can only be prosecuted once for an alleged crime (see double jeopardy).
The law in the United Kingdom protects the citizen's rights in the investigative process. The search and seizure of property is governed by rules which generally call for the police to obtain search warrants from magistrates: these are only available when the police can show a reasonable suspicion of the presence of evidence in the property, and they may not be issued for police to undertake so-called “fishing expeditions” on the chance that a householder may have relevant evidence. Arrest powers are also circumscribed, and people held by the police are entitled to certain rights while in custody and being questioned: if these are infringed the prosecution may be prevented from bringing confessions or other evidence into court at the trial.
After an arrest, the suspect must either be released within a set period of time, or charged with an offence. If there is a charge, the accused must be brought before a court as quickly as possible, or released and told when to attend court. The accused is first of all brought to a magistrate's court, which must decide how to deal with him or her. Magistrates should grant bail unless there is a reason for detention, such as the probability of the accused absconding, committing further offences, or interfering with witnesses at the trial. If any of these is likely, the court will remand the accused in custody. Bail may be granted subject to conditions, such as the accused living at a certain address, or keeping a curfew (staying indoors between certain times), or subject to a surety, which is the guarantee of money from a friend should the accused fail to return to court to answer the bail. In England and Wales, a deposit of money may no longer be taken from the accused.
The process of determining the outcome of the case also takes place in the magistrate's court. The vast majority of criminal offences are dealt with summarily by magistrates, who have powers to imprison people for up to six months. Many crimes are triable only summarily and the accused has no choice of where to be tried. The most serious crimes may not be tried by magistrates. For those in between, the magistrates must decide which procedure is suitable, depending on the gravity and complexity of the case, but the accused may always choose to be tried by a jury.
For summary cases and those that the magistrates take as suitable, with the defendant's acquiescence, the trial often proceeds immediately. A notable difference between magistrate and jury trial in England and Wales is that magistrates may leave a case part-heard for some time—even weeks—and return to it when another day is available. Juries hear cases without a break. If the magistrates find the defendant guilty, they may sentence him or her themselves, or if they think the matter too grave for their powers, they may pass it to the Crown Court, which has power to pass more severe sentences. They should not do so unless there is something that became apparent in the course of the trial which makes the case more serious; if it is apparent from the start, they should send the case to Crown Court for trial.
If magistrates cannot or decline to hear the case, or the defendant chooses a jury trial, the magistrates must examine the evidence to see whether there is a case to answer. If there is they commit the defendant for trial. The case need not be proved to their satisfaction; it has only to be possible that it could be proved. Because the test is so easily satisfied, the defence is often content to allow the committal to go through on paper. This also has the advantage that the defence does not have to reveal its case.
The case will then be listed for a trial date in the Crown Court. The defendant remains on bail or remanded in custody. If the case is particularly complex, or if there is a question of law which can or should be resolved before the evidence is heard, there may be a hearing to determine that before the trial itself. The trial in the Crown Court is on indictment: that is, a document drawn up showing the offence with which the defendant is charged. The prosecution must prove everything alleged.
The trial in the Crown Court is controlled by the judge, but attention is directed to the jury, who give the verdict. If the verdict is not guilty, the defendant is released and may not be tried again for the same offence. If it is guilty, the sentence is passed by the judge. In all cases where the judge is considering the possibility of imprisonment, except where the case is so serious that any other sentence is out of the question, a presentence report must be obtained. This report, by a probation officer, describes the defendant's circumstances and recommends a way of dealing with the case, usually by means of a probation order or community service. Psychiatric or medical reports may also be obtained.
After conviction, a defendant may appeal against the verdict and the sentence. Appeals from the magistrate's court go to the Crown Court, where a judge sits with two or more magistrates who did not hear the original case; the appeal amounts to a complete rehearing of the case. Appeals from Crown Court trials go to the Court of Appeal, which looks at what may have gone wrong with the trial.
If the defendant is imprisoned, he or she will usually be released after serving a proportion of the sentence, on parole. For longer-serving prisoners this release is not automatic; a parole board examines the prisoner's disciplinary record in prison, and decides how likely it is that he or she will reoffend. A released prisoner may be liable to be recalled to prison if he or she commits an offence while on parole.
This account is true of the legal system of England and Wales, and its features are present in one form or another in most English-speaking jurisdictions. In most states of the United States the law of procedure is based on the English common law. European jurisdictions have a more inquisitorial system of criminal justice, where the examining magistrates are involved in the investigation of crime, and the trial judges—often more than one—more involved in the examination of witnesses and the direction of the trial. In some jurisdictions the defendant may be required to answer questions.
Criminology, social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime. The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour, and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields. See the article on Penology for a discussion of correctional institutions, and that on Juvenile Crime for consideration of special problems of young offenders.
GRAMMAR
Modal Verbs
Can
Modal verb can has the following meanings:
1) mental or physical ability to do something:
She can swim very well.
2) permission:
You can stay here if you want.
Can I have another ice-cream?
3) request:
Can you tell me the time?
Could expresses more polite request.
Could you show me the way to the bus station?
4) prohibition:
You can’t cross the street here.
5) surprise or astonishment
How can you be so silly?
How could he have told you such lies?
Present
+ He can play football today.
- He can’t play football today
? Can he play football today?
Sometimes instead of can we can use to be able to.
+ He is able to play football today.
- He isn’t able to play football today.
? Is he able to play football today?
Past
+ He could play football yesterday.
- He couldn’t play football yesterday.
? Could he play football yesterday?
or
+ He was able to play football yesterday.
- He wasn’t able to play football yesterday.
? Was he able to play football yesterday?
Future
+ He will able to play football tomorrow.
- He won’t able to play football tomorrow.
? Will he able to play football tomorrow?
Modal verb can is used with different forms of infinitive to express doubt or astonishment.
Can she know English? Невже вона знає англійську?
Can she be working now? Невже вона зараз працює?
Can she have said it? Невже вона це сказала?
Can she have been working so long? Невже вона так довго працює?
Modal verb can is used with different forms of infinitive to express incredulity or improbability .
He can’t know English. Не може бути, щоб він знав англійську.
He can’t be working now. Не може бути, щоб він працював зараз.
He can’t have said it. Не може бути, щоб він сказав це.
He can’t have been working so long. Не може бути, щоб він працював так довго.
Could is normally used to say that somebody had the general ability to do something:
When he was young, he could dance well.
But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could):
The fire spread quickly but everyone was able to escape.
The negative could is possible in all situations:
Kick couldn't swim at the age of 12. They couldn't get ashore.
The form could is used in the following ways:
1) in past-time contexts as the form of the indicative mood with indication of time:
Me could speak English when he was a child.
2) in present-time contexts to express unreality or as a milder and more polite form of can or as a form implying more uncertainty than can:
He could speak English if necessary.
Could I help you?
Could it be true?
3) to talk about possible future actions or happenings, especially when you make suggestions:
What shall we do this evening?
We could go to the cinema.
Can is also possible in this situation, but could is more unsure than can.
The past of could (+ simple infinitive) is could (+ perfect infinitive). You use could (+ perfect infinitive) to say that you had the ability or possibility to do something but you did not do it:
We could have gone for a walk but we decided to stay at home.
MAY/MIGHT
May has two tense forms: may (present) and might (past (in reported speech)):
The form might is used in two ways:
1) in past-time contexts, mainly in reported speech, in accordance with the rules of the sequence of tenses:
He told me that it might be true.
2) in present-time contexts as a milder and more polite form of may or as a form implying more uncertainty than may:
Might I come and see you?
or to express unreality (only-with the Perfect Infinitive)
He might have fallen ill i f he hadn't taken the pills.
May has the following meanings:
1) supposition implying uncertainty
He may be busy getting ready for his trip.
You may replace this may by modal words perhaps, maybe. May in соmbination with the Simple Infinitive usually refers the action to the future.
He may come soon.
The action can also refer to the present but only with the verbs that are not used in the continuous form:
He may be ill.
He may not know about it.
He may be sleeping. (Continuous Infinitive refers to the present)
In the meaning of supposition implying more uncertainty the form might is also used to express future or present action:
He might come soon. I le might be ill.
He might be doing his lessons now.
He might have spoken to her yesterday.
2) possibility due to circumstances:
You may order a taxi by telephone. ,
Might followed by the Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried
out owing to certain circumstances.
You are so careless. You might have broken the cup!
3) permission:
-You may smoke here.
-May I smoke here? .
-You may not smoke here.
But it is more common lo use can or must lo express prohibition. To express permission the equivalent to be allowed to can be used:
Are we allowed to use a dictionary?
\
4) disapproval, reproach:
You might carry the parcel for me. You mighl have helped me!
Might expresses unreality only in combination wilh the Perfect Infinitive
There was a car accident in front of our house. Luckily Tommy was at school. He might have been killed.
CAN AND MAY COM PARED
The use of can and may is parallel only in two meanings:
1) possibility due to circumstances. May refers only to present and future, might is used in reported speech.
He may find the book in the library.
He can find the book in the library.
Both could and might + Perfect Infinitive mean that the action was not carricd out.
He might have found the book in ihe library.
He could have found the book in the library.
2) permission
In this meaning may is more official.
May (might) I speak to you for a moment, professor?
Can I have a cup of tea. mother?
May in prohibition is not common.
MUST
The modal verb must has one form. It is used in present-time contexts with reference to the present and future.
Must has the following meanings:
1) obligation (from the speaker's point of view)
You must talk to your daughter about her future.
2) prohibition
He must not leave his room for a while.
3) emphatic advice
You must come and see us when you are in London.
4) supposition implying strong probability
It must be late as the streets are deserted.
Where is he? - Me must be reading a book.
Present
+ He must earn money.
- He mustn’t earn money at this age.
? Must he earn money?
Past
+ He had to earn money.
- He didn’t have to earn money at this age.
? Did he have to earn money?
Future
+ He will have to earn money.
- He won’t have to earn money at this age.
? Will he have to earn money?
In combination with different forms of infinitive must is used to express supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning it’s used in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Ukrainian напевно.
He must be writing now. Він, напевно, пише зараз.
He must have written them already. Він, напевно, вже написав їм.
He must have been writing all the night. Він, напевно, писав всю ніч.
MUST AND MAY COMPARED They can be compared in two meanings:
1) both serve to express supposition but their use is not parallel. May denotes supposition-uncertainty.
Must expresses strong probability.
For all I know, he may be an actor - his face seems so familiar.
He must be an actor - he's very talented.
2) prohibition
May is seldom found. Generally we find mustn’t or can not.
TO HAVE
To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged.
She felt bad, so he had to stay with her.
It is used in three tense forms: Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite.
TO BE
To be + Infinitive expresses an obligation, an order which is generally the result of an arrangement or agreement.
She is to come at seven.
It is used in two tense forms: Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.
NEED
Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.
He needs a new pair of shoes.
Need he go there?
You needn’t be afraid.
It has only one tense form- Present. It is also used with Perfect Infinitive to express the action which took place though there wasn’t necessity to do it.
He needn’t have gone there.
Exercise 1. Use the verb can in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive.
1. Have you a friend whom you (to trust)? 2. What Freddy (to do) all this time? He has been gone for twenty minutes. 3. He not (to see) me. I came when he had gone. 4.I am not a person wh (to tell) a lie. 5. How you (to make) such a mistake as to suppose that I was younger than you? 6. Surely you (to do) it before. What have you been doing all the morning? 7. Say what you like, but the work
not (to do) in two days. 8. Mr. Fenwill's house was built on the top of the hill and (to see) from afar. 9. I not (tosleep) two hours. I still feel tired. 10. He
not (to be) her father he is too young. 11. They not (to hear) us. Knock again. 12. If you had asked me for money I (to lend) you some. 13. He
(to tell) me the answer but he refused to. 14. he still (to sleep)? It seems to me they simply don't want us to see him. 15.I not (to swim) — I wish
. 16. She has a university education and (to make) a career for
herself if she hadn't married. 17. You not (to forget). I don't believe you.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.
1. I visit you one of these days? 2. you lift this box? 3. When the fog lifted we see where we were. 4. She asked me if she use my dictionary. 5. The telephone is out of order. I not hear anything. 6. you help me a
little? 7. read the letter? 8. You think whatever you like. 9.I not walk so quickly. I have a weak heart. 10. You take the textbook. I don't need it any longer.
Exercise 3. Use the verbs can or may.
1. 0ne never know what happen. 2. You have sent us a note at last! We waited for you the whole day. 3. Do you think you command an army? 4. Well, your wives not like the lady I'm going to marry. 5. Last winter he be seen in the club any night. 6. What Ann be doing all this time In the kitchen? 7. Whatever the reason be, the fact remains. 8. She have lost her ring herself, it not have been stolen. 9. Who have said such a thing? 10. Somebody have given her my address. 11. Such difficulties be easily put up with. 12. If only I make him understand me properly. 13. I have helped him but I didn't receive his letter.
Exercise 4. Choose the proper word from brackets.
1. (Can, may) you play the piano? 2. (Can, may) Benny watch TV before going to bed? 3.1 think I (can, may) do the work myself. 4. (Can, may) your friend speak English? 5. (Can, may) I have another cup of tea? 6. You (can, may) stay a little longer if you like. 7.1 (cannot, may not) hear you. Speak louder, please. 8. You (can, may) take the book home. 9. (Can, may) I leave my bag with you? 10.1 (cannot, may not) believe that.
Exercise 5. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап або could з різними формами інфінітива:
1. Невже вони зараз вдома?
2. Невже вона пішла?
3. Невже він працює над новою статтею?
4. Невже вона працює в школі вже десять років?
5. Невже ти віриш його історіям?
6. Невже вів витратив всі гроші?
7. Невже вони досі сидять в тому кафе?
8. Невже вона любить ходити по музеях?
9. Невже він обідає вже годину?
10. Невже зараз грають у футбол?
11. Невже вона встає рано?
12. Невже вів вивчає архітектуру шістнадцятого століття?
Exercise 6. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап або could з різними формами інфінітива.
1. Невже ти загубив ключі?
2. Невже він летить літаком в цей час?
3. Невже вони ходять?
4. Невже він вирішив цю проблему?
5.Невже вона так довго працює в модельному бізнесі?
6. Невже діти ще грають?
7. Невже вони дістали квитки на цю виставу?
8. Невже він справді захоплюється сучасним мистецтвом.
9. Невже вона живе тут вже три роки?
10. Невже це брехня?
11. Невже він отримав необхідну кваліфікацію?
12. Невже вони зробили помилку?
13. Невже він попросив допомоги?
14. Невже вона хоче знати правду?
15. Невже вони досі розважають своїх гостей?
16. Невже він хоче відшукати старовинну карту?
17. Невже хтось викликав поліцію?
18. Невже вони все ще розмовляють?
19. Невже вона розмовляє по телефону годину?
20. Невже вони втекли?
2
Exercise 7. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап абоcould з різними формами інфінітива.
1. Не може бути, щоб він був в офісі.
2. Не може бути, що вони все ще обговорювали це.
3. Не може бути, щоб він витратив стільки грошей.
4. Пробачте, але не може бути, щоб він зробив це.
5. Не може бути, щоб вона хворіла так довго.
6. Не може бути, щоб вони повернулись так рано.
7. Не може бути, щоб вона знала їхню адресу.
8. Пробачте, але не може бути, щоб вона сказала неправду.
9. Не може бути, що вони жили в цій країні.
10. Не може бути, щоб він працював з самого ранку.
11. Не може бути, щоб ти побачив вовків в цьому лісі.
12. Неймовірно, щоб вона зробила такий вибір.
Exercise 8. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуюч саn або could з різними формами інфінітива.
1. Не може бути, щоб вона заблукала.
2. Не може бути, щоб він не втрутився.
3. Вибачте, але це не може бути правдою.
4. Не може бути, щоб вона вивчала папери так довго.
5. Не може бути, щоб він водив машину з чотирнадцяті років.
6. Не може бути, щоб вони знали один одного до цього
7. Не може бути, щоб вона так думала.
8. Не може бути, щоб дитина спала зараз.
Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can or may in the correct form.
1. When you get there tell them to wait. I be a little late. 2. I come at six. I'll be free by that time. 3. this old man be Tom Brown? He not have changed so much! 4. None of us know what happen before it is finished. 5. This be a great idea. It also be a trap in which England will perish. 6. I'm not sure, but she have gone to the village shop. 7. I told them he be in the garden. 8. Sh! She hear you. 9. How strange! you believe that? 10. I haven't seen her for ages. She be quite middle-aged by now. 11. Don't send him away. We need his advice. 12. I fear they miss the train. They left rather late. 13. It be seen that he was puzzled. 14. People chatter about her, but they don't know anything definite against her. 15. He not have thought of this himself. Who suggested it to him? 16. He be a medical student though I'm not sure. 17. But what more he have said I don't know for I left. 18. You tell me what he said! I have a right to know. 19. Miss Carter have gone to the school to call on Mr. Everard. 20. Then he found that he not stay in bed. 21. I not swim. I expect you . Everyone except me. 22. You have warned me beforehand! 23. He not have said that. I don't believe you. 24. It was a year or two ago, or it be three years ago. 25. She came to ask her mother if she stay and dance a little longer.
Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive.
1. I wonder who broke the cup; it can't (be) the cat, for she was out all day. 2. Is it your dog running in the garden? - No, it can't (be) my dog. My dog is at home. 3. He couldn't (catch) the 9:20 train because he didn't leave home till 9:25. 4. She can't (read) four hours running. She has read only two pages. 5. He says he saw you at the theatre yesterday. -He couldn't (see) me. I wasn't there. 6. He returned home with a tiger cub. His wife can't (be) very pleased about that. 7. The door was open. - It couldn't (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket. 8. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. - You couldn't (see) her; she is still abroad. 9. The lecturer is a tall thin man with white hair. - Then it can't (be) Dr. Smith because he is short and fat. 10. We went sailing on a lake in a London park. I think it was the Round Pond. - It couldn't (be) the Round Pond. There are only toy boats there. 11. I suppose it is Charles who always leaves the kitchen in such a mess. - No, it can't (be) Charles. He never has a meal in. 12. We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for 75 p. - You couldn't (have) a very good dinner if you only paid 75 p.
Exercise11. Translate into English using the verb can.
1. He може бути, щоб він збрехав. Це на нього не схоже. 2. Невже це правда, що він став відомим актером? 3. Не може бути, щоб вони були братом і сестрою. Вони зовсім не схожі один на одного. 4. Вряд чи це так. У будь-якому випадку, ми не можемо довести це. 5. Цікаво, що ви могли бзапропонувати в такій ситуації? 6. Вряд чи він міг допустити таку помилку. Він інженер з досвідом роботи. 7. Невже все це лише його фантазія? 8. Якби не він, ми могли б заблукати. Вже темніло. 9. На вашому місці я б йому не довіряв, він може обманути вас. 10. Навряд чи він такий молодий. Я помітив у нього сиве волосся. 11. Ви можете легко його впізнати по орлиному профілю. 12. Не може бути, щоб вони нас помітили. Ми були досить далеко від них. 13. Не може бути, щоб вони нас не помітили. Ми були зовсім близько. 14. Неможна судити опро людину по її зовнішності. Зовнішність обманлива. 15. Невже це маленька Ліза? Як вона виросла! 16. Можу я побачити управляючого? — Нажаль ні. Він буде сьогодні о 12. 17. Не міг би ти дати мені конспекти за умови , що я поверну їх післязавтра? 18. Вона каже, що надіється, що можна уникнути операції. 19. Можна було бачити, що він бул схвильований, хоча і старався виглядати безтурботним. 20. Можна тебя на декілька слів? — Ну, в чім річ? 21. Це неможна робити так швидко. Вам прийдеться почекати. 22. Він не зумів читати латинською мовою і не міг зрозуміти, що йому прописав лікар. 23. Невже ти не можеш пояснити батькам, що забув ключ у мене на письмовому столі?
Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can, may or must.
1.I have forgotten my own language and speak nothing but yours. 2. We go somewhere. We not wander about for ever. 3. But I think you have told us this half an hour ago! 4. You see much of interest there. 5. I did not hear him return to the room. I have been asleep. 6. You have mistaken him, my dear. He not have intended to say that. 7. It seemed possible they return. 8. It not have happened at Ainswick. 9. No good looking back; things happen as they . 10. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps the bitterest expertence a young man go through.11. How you let things slide like that, Dick? 12. I think you be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. It's such a cold night. 13. It was known — whispered among the old, discussed among the young—that the family pride soon receive a blow. 14. And though he undressed and got into
bed he not sleep. 15. You not go out so late at night. 16. I think it happen sooner or later. 17. I come tonight, I not? 18. Somebody is knocking at the door. It be John. — It not be John. It's too early for him to be back. 19. I don't know for certain, but he have been a sailor in his youth. 20. They ask me about him. What should I say?
Exercise13. Translate into English using the verb must.
1. Напевно, їй про це розповіли. 2. Напевно, це важче, ніж ви думали. 3. Напевно, вони все ще тут. 4. Очевидно, він вас не впізнав. 5. Напевно, фільм їй не сподобався. 6. Ви, напевно, чули як наш хор співає цю пісню. 7. Напевно, вона вас не розуміє. 8. Хто повинен був вас чекати? 9. Де вони повинні були зустрітися? 10 Мені треба сходити в суд раніше. 10. Вона змушена проводити багато часу на роботі. 11. Де вони повинні були зустрітися? 12. Вам прийдеться іти пішки. 13. Він повинен був робити доповідь з домашнього читання. 14. Хтось повинен був сказати їй про це. 15. Ви обов’язково повинні поговорити з нею завтра. 16. Йому слід краще слідкувати за своїм здоров’ям. 17. Він напевне гарно розмовляє англійською. 18. Напевне вона про це знала. 19. Певно вона вас розуміє. 20. Мені слід зробити це завчасно. 21. Вона змушена проводити багато часу на вулиці. 22. Коли він повинен прийти? 23. Сьогодні, напевно, холодно. 25. Напевно, ви читали його статтю в газетах.
Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with must not or need not.
1. You ring the bell, I have a key. 2. "You play with matches," said Mother. 3. I go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 4. You strike a match; the room is full of gas. 5. We drive fast; we have plenty of time. 6. You drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 7. You turn on the light; I can see quite well. 8. You ask a woman her age. It’s not polite.
Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with must, have to, be to or need.
1. You not (bring) your books to class tomorrow, we are going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. I'm glad the lessons will begin later now. The children won't (get up) so early. 3. You not (learn) the poem. You only (read) it. 4. Children not (play) with matches. 5. It was late, and they (light) a fire to cook their supper. 6. You (give) it back to me before you go. 7. You not (be) late for the concert. 8. I made a few mistakes, so I (do) the whole exercise again. 9. I (say) you then how important it was. 10. She (be married) next month. 11. You not (miss) that film, it is extraordinary good. 12. You not (strike) a match; I can see well enough. 13. Jim (make) a speech at the meeting, but he had fallen ill, so Tom (speak) instead. 14. You not (bring) any food with you tomorrow. I'll have enough for both of us. 15. We (be) there at 12 sharp. 16. We not (wait) long. A bus came almost at once. 17. You (learn) the whole poem.
Exercise 16. Fill in the blanks with didn't have to or needn't have to.
1. You (bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You (water) the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3.I (translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I (answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5.I knew I (lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6.I (ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I (help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8.I (write) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwwards. 9. You (listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You ( buy) such a lot of flowers. We’ve already got more than necessarily. 11. He (get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occassion that he did. 12. You (stay) if you didn’t want to. We could have done without you just as well.
Exercise 17. Comment on the use of should for the sake of emotional colouring. Pay attention to the structure of the sentences and the word combination it is found in.
1. Why should, you be different from other men? 2. But why shou;ld he take the scandal of himself? It was not fair! 3. They only want their independence, and why shouldn’t they have it? 4. "Do you see much of Randall?" "He practically lives here. But you knew?" "No," said Hugh. He was surprised and annoyed. "Why ever should I know?" 5. What do you think ought to be done? — Done? How should I know? 6. "Fresh air!" exclaimed James. "What should I do with fresh air?" 7. Mrs. Higgins: "But where does the girl live?" Higgins: "With us, of course. Where should she live?" 8. Strange that the dog should die just now! 9. Ironical that Soames should come down here —to this house, built for himself! 10. He heard the nurse crying over there by the fire; curious that she, a stranger, should be the only one of them who cried! 11. It's very interesting that you should say that, Edward—very interesting. 12. It struck her bitterly that she, who had been his first adored, should have to scheme to see him. 13.... it annoyed him very much that his companion, who was also tired, should grow more cheerful. 14. It's very strange that he should have told you the truth! 15. ... suddenly he heard his name called from behind, and who should ride up to him on either side but Bill Dennant and Antonia herself!
Exercise 18. Fill in the blanks with must, should or need:
1. I'm suggesting that you marry me, Midge. 2. She be picking cherries in the orchard, tell her to come into the house. 3. "Well," said Emily with calm, "you not get into such fusses when we tell you things." 4. Is it necessary, do you think, that the police know about it?
5. You not be afraid of him. He's a kind old man. 6. It is essential that he be prepared for it. 7. Soft music filled the room. "That be a nice record," thought he. 8.I propose that the prize
be divided. 9. Oh, I don't know. It's really rather odd that he ever have been taking her to the Ball. 10. You have seen that film when it was here last week. 11. It is strange that you remember the place. 12. Why not I talk to Catherine? Do you think I'm not worthy to, or something? 13. Poor boy! He have suffered so. 14. You not answer all my questions if you don't want to. 15. Why you say such disagreeable things? 16. Go upstairs at once. You
change your wet clothes. 17. It was only proper that Dora, who was young and healthy, give her seat to that old lady. 18. I think I’ll come on time, but if I be late, please keep a seat for me.19. He ordered that the gate be locked. 20. She confiscated the morning papers so that the children not see them. 21. You not wake up before seven o'clock. We'll start at half past eight. 22. I was just wondering if my wife was here. — No, she isn't here. Why she be? 23. You not work so hard after your illness. 24. Henrietta suggested to Gerda that they go and look at the kitchen garden.
Exercise 19. Fill in the blanks with ought to, have to, be to or need followed by the appropriate infinitive.
1. Mother always tells me that I (be) more careful. 2. You not (tell) him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You not (say) that! See how distressed she is. 4.I don't want to do it, but I . 5. All the same, I think you (see) a doctor. There must be something the matter with you. 6. Don't forget that you (get up) at seven. 7. But there was no other way out. I (communicate) with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such things
not (be allowed). 9. You not (write) such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. "Perhaps I not (trouble) you." He closed his lips tight. He was offended.
Exercise 20. Fill in the blanks with should, need, have to with the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. I (to prepare) for my coming exam yesterday, but I (to look after) my sick sister.
2. He not (to get up) early. He begins working at 9:30. 3. "I (to say) those wounding words," he reproached himself. 4. It isn't the sort of thing one (to discuss) with unknown people. 5. You not (to worry) about money. I've got enough for both of us. 6. You not (to walk) all the way to the station. You (to take) a bus just round the corner. 7. Sooner or later one (to choose). 8. Mother (to get up and down) a good bit during the meal, fetching things back and forward. 9. I managed to get there at half past twelve. But I not (to hurry). They had already left. 10. Breakfast is often a quick meal, because the father of the family (to get) away to his work, children (to go) to school, and the mother has her housework to do.
11 . If you are interested in historic places you (to go) to Westminster Abbey. 12. She drew a chair near him - he wondered if he (to help) her with the chair — and sat down beside him. 13. They (to knock) twice before the door was opened. 14. She (not to give) money to her boy. Then it wouldn't have happened. 15. She (to conceal) her real feelings lest anyone (to notice) how unhappy she was. 16. You (to come) yourself. You may send somebody else.
Exercise 21. Put can, may; must, should, ought to, have to, be to, be able to (or the negative forms) and needn't in the spaces.
1. The doctor said, "The child is very ill. He be taken to the hospital at once. " 2. A
man help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we walk. 4. Everybody learn a foreign language. 5. We live without food and water.
We eat and drink. 6. I get up early tomorrow, so I go to bed late to night. 7.
You drive a car at night without lights. 8. Tom's father told him that he ask silly questions. 9. Man live by bread alone. 10. The matter be discussed in tomorrow's debate.11. You sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You do whatever you like. 14. We go away just yet; our train doesn't leave for half an hour yet. 15. I read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Why I go there? 17. She
sing quite well. 18. You say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand.
19. I use your phone? - You ask for permission; you use it whenever you like. 20. You leave your dog with us if you don't want to take him with you. 21. You take a horse to water but you make him drink. 22. The ice is quite thick. We walk on it. 23. If you don't know the meaning of a word you use a dictionary. 24. He swim very soon.
Exercise 22. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.I should (send) him a birthday card, but I forgot to. 2. He didn't mean to be rude; you shouldn't (be) so angry with him yesterday. 3. It's three o'clock and I'm feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father's typewriter and, of course, he broke it; he shouldn't (allow) to play with it. 5. The old man ran to catch the bus, although he had a weak heart. He shouldn't (run). 6.I was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went into his bedroom, he found it icy cold; he shouldn't (leave) the windows open. 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. To someone who was not at the party: "We had a wonderful time; you should (be) there." 10. You shouldn't (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn't). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn't). 13. He should (thank) us (we are offended that he didn't). 14. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn't). 15. Mother (very anxious about her son, aged ten): "Where is he? He should (be) here an hour ago!" (It's now 5:00 and he is usually home by 4:00.) 16. Tom's had another accident. He came out of a side road rather fast and a lorry crashed into him. It sounds like Tom's fault He should (wait) till the main road was clear. 17. I had to walk home yesterday: I had no money for my fare. - You should (tell) me! I would have lent you the money. 18. Why are you so late? You should (be) here two hours ago! 19. Tom (looking out of the window): "Fortunately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you shouldn't (throw) it out of the window, Ann! You could have killed someone."
Exercise 23. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи to have to.
1. Я повинен підготувати доповідь.
2. Ти не повинен іти пішки.
3. Він був змушений повернутись з відпустки раніше.
4. Їй не довелося працювати вночі.
5. Мені довелось повернути квитки в касу.
6. Ми повинні будемо нагадати їм про їхню обіцянку.
7. Їм не доведеться довго чекати.
8. Їй доведеться вибирати самій?
9. Ви не повинні вибачатись.
10. Чому ти був змушений розповісти про це?
11. Вона повинна відвідати лікаря.
12. Він не знав, що він повинен робити.
13. Чому ти змушений залишати країну?
14. Він не повинен був залишати двері відкритими.
15. Вона змушена була залишити роботу з того часу, як народилась дитина.
16. Йшов дощ і я був змушений взяти парасольку.
17. Ти не повинен брехати нам.
18. Він повинен робити зарядку щодня з того часу, як погладшав.
19. Вони будуть змушені запросити її.
20. Вона не мусить готувати обід, ми можемо поїсти в ресторані.
Exercise 24. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи must з необхідною формою інфінітива.
Їй, напевно, років двадцять.
Напевно, він зараз відпочиває на пляжі.
Де моя ручка? Певно, її взяла моя сестра.
Діти, напевно, сплять.
Вони, певно, всю ніч дивились телевізор.
Він, певно, захворів.
Ти нічого не їв зранку. Ти, напевно, голодний.
Вони, напевно, були вдома вчора.
Ніхто де відповідає. Вона, певно, пішла.
Він, напевно, вже зробив свою доповідь.
Він, напевно, зараз працює.
Гості, напевно, вже прийшли.
Вона, певно, дуже щаслива.
Ти, напевно, зробив багато фотографій під час подорожі.
Він, певно, зараз насолоджується оперою.
Вона, напевно, поговорила з батьками.
Все вкрито снігом, певно, сніг йшов всю ніч.
Вони, мабуть, тут з обіду.
Хлопці, певно, зараз в Інтернет — клубі.
Він, певно, вже закрив свою крамницю.
Де мій журнал? Напевно, твій брат читає його.
Exercise 25. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи muat або to h ave to.
Вона не повинна виконувати ваші вказівки.
Її батько, певно, лікар.
Які документи я мушу підписати?
О котрій годині ти повинен повертатись додому?
Я був змушений втрутитись.
Вони, певно, чекають на нас уже півгодини.
Він не мусить працювати на цю фірму.
Вона не змогла прийти до нас, вона мусила йти на курси англійської.
Напевно, він прожив у цій країні багато років.
Чому вона повинна приймати ці ліки?
Я повинен буду прочитати цю книжку.
Певно, вони приїхали до Києва вчора.
Exercise 26. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи to be to у відповідній формі.
Співробітники повинні приходити рівно о дев'ятій.
В змаганнях повинні взяти участь лише три команди.
Лягай спати.
Ви повинні повідомляти мені про результати щогодини.
Вів сказав, що ми маємо здавати звіти до кінця робочого дня.
Провітри кімнату.
Потурбуйся про дітей.
Виконайте цю роботу зараз.
Ви маєте виступити на зборах.
Вона сказала, що ти повинен зробити всі необхідні приготування.
Він має працювати тут тричі на тиждень.
Всі повинні залишити будинок за п'ятнадцять хвилин.
Модальне дієслово to be в поєднанні з Passive Infinitive виражає можливість.
She was often to be seen in this restaurant. Її можна було часто побачити в цьому ресторани Where are they to be found? Де їх можна знайти?
Exercise 27. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи tо bе у відповідній формі.
Його завжди можна знайти на роботі о восьмій.
Їх не можна застати вдома.
Цю книжку можна купити в кожній книгарні.
Її можна часто зустріти в нашому районі.
Де вас можна побачити?
Його не часто можна застати в кабінеті.
Тебе можна знайти на роботі?
На яку адресу їм можна писати?
Exercise 28. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи to be to або to have to.
Чому вона повинна пояснювати свою відсутність?
Представники цих фірм зустрінуться в Лондоні у вересні.
Ви не повинні їхати туди машиною.
Він мав подзвонити о сьомій, але, напевно, він забув.
Вона не має чого скаржитись: вона сама прийняла таке рішення.
Прочитай інструкцію. Ти повинен приймати таблетки двічі на день.
Я думаю, що ти повинен сказати батькам, що ти можеш запізнитись.
Його завжди можна зустріти на художніх виставках.
Ми вирішили, що вечірка повинна початись о дев'ятій.
Депутати зустрінуться знову пізніше.
Я буду змушений спілкуватись з ним?
Куди він повинен був відправити товари?
Ти не повинен іти з нами, якщо не хочеш.
Ми повинні будемо зібрати урожай до початку сезону дощів.
Їхнє весілля мас бути наступного місяця.
Exercise 29. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи must, to be to, to have to.
Він сказав, що має подзвонити негайно.
В цій гімназії всі учні повинні носити форму.
Кому довелось поїхати з ним?
Лікар сказав, що він не повинен пити так багато кави.
Вона змушена була тепло одягнутися.
Я сказав їм, що вони не повинні запізнюватись.
Численні механізми повинні допомогти людям виконувати важку роботу.
Ти повинен подзвонити матері. Можливо вона хвилюється.
Вона зблідла. Вона повинна прийняти ліки.
Батьківські збори повинні відбутися в кінці тижня.
Я був змушений відмінити зустріч.
Сьогодні їй довелось поїхати на роботу раніше.
Він, напевно, зараз у відрядженні.
Відкриття виставки почнеться сьогодні о п'ятій.
Вони, напевно, вже заснули.
Exercise 30. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи must,may, might, can’t.
Він, напевно, працює прокурором.
Можливо, він і працює в апеляційному суді.
Не може бути, щоб вони складали цей контракт.
Він, напевне, звертався до адвоката.
Він, можливо, працював над цією справою.
Не може бути, щоб він працював на цьому заводі.
Вони, напевно, тренуються в спортивному клубі.
Можливо, вони тренуються в спортивному клубі.
Можливо, вони і тренуються в спортивному клубі.
Не може бути, що вони тренувалися в спортивному клубі.
Напевно, вона в інституті.
Можливо, вона в інституті.
Можливо, вона і в інституті.
Не може бути, щоб вона була в інституті зараз.
Не може бути, щоб вона була в інституті вчора.
Можливо, вона була в інституті.