3 The nature of grammatical processes by means of which the

morphemes are joined in the word (i.e. isolation, agglutination or

symbolisation).

Guided by these three criteria E. Sapir suggested four basic types

of languages: 1) the type of simple purely relational languages in

which the syntactic relations are realised without the help of affixal

morphemes (as in Chinese); 2) the complicated purely relational type

languages in which the syntactic relations can be realised with the

help of affixes and without their help (as in Turkish); 3) the simple

mixed-type relational languages, realising their syntactic connections

both by means of agglutination or by means of fusion (as in French);

4) The complex mixed relational type languages in which the meanings

of root morphemes may be changed with the help of affixes or inner

alterations (like in Latin or in present-day English).

On the ground of these three far from all-embracing and quite clear

criteria E. Sapir singled out twenty-one different language types.

Sapir's countryman Joseph Greenberg, as has been mentioned on

the foregoing pages, has also elaborated the principles of quantitative

typological contrasting and thus he has laid the foundation of quantitative typology. This linguist together with R. Jakobson, J. Jenkinson

and C. Oshood contributed significantly to the study of language universals [44, 3], 158 — 162]

These features of consonantal languages can be well observed in

Ukrainian or Russian too. Phonological typology was also investigated

by other Western linguists, as T. M. Milewski and C. V. (American

Indian languages), C. E. Bazell (Turkic and Bantu languages) Ch. E.

Hockett and others.

These features of consonantal languages can be well observed in

Ukrainian or Russian too. Phonological typology was also investigated

by other Western linguists, as T. M. Milewski and C. V. (American

Indian languages), C. E. Bazell (Turkic and Bantu languages) Ch. E.

Hockett and others.

In Soviet times typological investigations were initiated by N.Ya.

Marr (1864 — 1934) who investigated the Caucasian area languages

and by I.I. Meshchaninov (1883 — 1967), whose subject of investigation was predicative, objective, and attributive relations in different

Caucasian and Paleoasiatic languages. These linguists suggested their

typological classifications of languages as well.

Prominent before World War II and immediately after it was the

Ukrainian typologist M. Ya. Kalynovych, whose object of contrasting was the word in different European and South Asian languages [18, 96] The domain of Contrastive investigations of his disciple Yu. O. Zhluktenka, comprised the English and Ukrainian languages [11, 160] and their interrelations in the North American countries.

9. Домінуючі типові мовні риси проти структурного типу мови.

10. Типологічні константи на фонетичному /фонологічному рівні.

11. Якісні та кількісні характеристики системи голосних у порівнюваних мовах. Аломорфізм в системі англійських та українських голосних.

12. Якісні та кількісні розбіжності в системах бінарних та групових опозицій англійських голосних проти українських голосних.