Методичка Engineering

Unit 1

What is Engineering?

Text A

I. Read and translate the text using the vocabulary

Ask a number of people what the word “engineering” conveys to them and you will be surprised at the differences in their answers.

The question is difficult to clarify in a few words, and precise definitions are difficult to find. Engineering is a profession concerned with the application of the universe to create devices, systems, and structures to satisfy the needs of mankind. This is a very general and not completely satisfactory definition.

The engineering courses fall in the general areas of mechanics of solids, properties of materials, mechanics of fluids, thermodynamics, electrical science, transfer and rate processes, and systems. Finally come the design courses which put it all together. It is this design discipline which exemplifies engineering in action, for it illustrates how engineers solve practical problems by applying their scientific knowledge and skills in the iterative decision-making process. This is how engineers adapt science to human needs.

The words scientist and engineer are frequently used interchangeably. In general, scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature, while engineers apply these laws to practical problems.

Many engineers are conducting what might be called pure fundamental research, perhaps not directly associated with specific practical problems. The best we can do here is to recognize an ever-changing spectrum of activity ranging from the fundamental to the applied one. The range runs from pure science to engineering.

The implementation of engineering solutions is carried out by a variety of technicians who make, install, and maintain the so-called hardware itself, usually under some form of supervision. These people are often traditionally referred to as engineers, though today the word technician is more apt. Today the typical engineer is a college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree. He is engaged in some combination of research and engineering design or development or in other words with the creation of new things or the improvement of existing things. Central to his achievements is the process of design.

Vocabulary

Engineering- , - ,

at random-

convey- ( ) definition-

concern-

application-

create- ,

device- ,

fall in-

solid-

property-

fluid-

transfer- ,

rate- ,

exemplify-

in action-

apply-

iterative-

adapt- ,

frequently-

interchangeabl -

conduct-

research-

associate- ,

specific-

recognize-

ever-changing-

applied-

implementation- ,

solution-

carry out-

variety- ,

install-

maintain- ,

hardware-

supervision-

be referred -( )

apt-

advanced- ,

degree-

be engaged- ( ) development-

creation-

improvement-

existing-

achievement-

IIAnswer the following questions:

1.What is engineering as a problem?

2.What general areas do engineering courses fall in?

1)Scientists are concerned with extending our knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature.

2)Today the typical engineer is college graduate, quite often with an advanced degree.

VIII Speak on the topic “Engineering”

IX Rendering

1. Read the text “Scientific and Technological Progress” and be ready to answer the following questions:

-What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in our cooperation with nature?

-What is the domain of the scientists’ activity?

-What are the great inventions of the beginning of the 20-th century?

-How do we call the 20-th century?

-What era do we live in?

Text B Scientific and Technological Progress

It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with nature.

Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people. Let's compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of the 20th century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every day life. We mean, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not.

They would seem miracles that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual things and we can't imagine our life without them. A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations the endless number of outstanding discoveries has been made. The 20-th century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over the world. All these things prove the power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.

But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a number of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological problems, the safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the

responsibility of a scientist. But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.

2.Make a plan of the text.

3.Translate the part of the text in italics in a written form.

4.Retell the text according to your plan.

Comprehension skills.

X Listen to the text “Engineering as a profession”

Remember the words:

Endeavour -

conversion-

to call for-

attributes- ( ) conformity-

1. Define if the statements are True or False:

a)Many new areas of engineering endeavor, which come across the traditional lines, are today attracting attention.

b)A mechanical or electrical engineer may be employed by the aerospace, chemical, or mining industries, or by many others.

c)Computer science, information engineering, system engineering and operations research are not among the fields of recent interest.

d)Engineering is not compared to medicine and law in discussions of professional status.

2. Answer the questions:

-Want field of engineering calls for a combination of mechanical, electrical and often chemical engineering?

-Want fields of engineering are of recent interest?

Unit 2

Text A Realms is Engineering

I. Read and translate the text using the vocabulary

Traditionally, engineering activities have been grouped into certain areas of specialization. These originated as civil and military engineering, catering to man's

early needs. Scientific discoveries and their development gave birth to a variety of fields of application such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering. Mechanical Engineering develops machines for the generation and utilization of power. Mechanical engineers design turbines, engines, pumps, \and their ancillary mechanisms and structures. Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, transportation, manufacturing, and vibration are some areas falling within their domain. The art of mechanical engineering dates back to the labor-saving devices and military machines of ancient times, but it received its greatest boost in the eighteenth century with the invention of the steam engine and industrial machinery, which marked the onset of the industrial revolution.

Electrical Engineering, in general, deals with the creation, storage, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy and information. Most of its activities may be identified with power or communications. Electrical engineering is of recent origin, dating back only to the eighteenth century, when electrical phenomena were first subjected to scientific scrutiny. After this, useful applications were quickly identified. Today, the impact of a power failure graphically illustrates our dependence on electrical power. The field encompasses information systems, computer technology, energy conversion, automatic control, instrumentation, and many other specialties.

Chemical engineering encompasses the broad field of raw material and food processing and the operation of associated facilities. It is mainly involved with the manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels, plastics, rubber, explosives, paints, and cleaners.

Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, the production and use of metals, has two distinct branches. One deals with the location, extraction, and treatment of ores to obtain base metals, and the other with the transformation of these metals into useful forms and with the study of techniques for improving their performance in specific applications.

Aerospace Engineering combines two fields, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. The former is concerned with the aerodynamics, structure and propulsion of vehicles designed for flight in the Earth's a t m o s p h e r e .

Agricultural Engineering is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced by man. It uses agricultural machinery, irrigation, and surveying and deals with the many associated problems of crop raising and animal husbandry.

Industrial Engineering is mainly concerned with the manufacture of useful commodities from raw materials. The management of men, materials, machines, and money are all within his endeavor in achieving effective production. Plant layout, automation, work methods, and quality control are included, and, more than in most of the other traditional branches of engineering, the industrial engineer needs to have some grounding in psychology and dealing with personnel.

Civil Engineering is one of the oldest branches of the engineering profession. It covers a wide field, and many subsidiary branches have grown from it. The civil engineer is mainly employed in the creation of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, highways, harbours, and tunnels. He is usually knowledgeable in hydraulics, structures, building materials, surveying, and soil mechanics. One important area comprises water supply drainage, and sewage disposal. More than any other branch

of engineering, the results of the civil engineer's efforts are the most visible in a permanent form.

Vocabulary

realm- ,

originate-

cater- ( ) ancillary-

heating- ( ) pump-

fall-

domain- ,

device- ,

boost- ( )

invention-

steam-

engine-

mark-

creation-

storage-

transmission-

subjected (to)- ,

scrutiny-

impact-

dependence-

conversion-

instrumentation-

encompass- ( ) raw materials-

processing-

facilities- ,

property-

fuel-

explosive-

cleaner -

ground (in)-

combine-

concerned with-

propulsion- ,

vehicle- ,

relate (to)-

irrigation- , ( ) crop raising-

husbandry-

civil-

cover-

subsidiary-

harbour-

comprise- ( ) supply-

sewage-

disposal-

visible-

permanent-

mining-

ore-

extraction-

obtain-

treatment-

techniques-

II Answer the following questions:

1)What have engineering activities been grouped into?

2)What does mechanical engineering develop?

3)What does electrical engineering deal with?

4)What does chemical engineering encompass?

5)What fields do aerospace engineering combine?

6)What is one of the earliest forms of engineering?

7)What is industrial engineering concerned with?

8)What is one of the oldest branches of the engineering profession?

IV Translate into English:

, , , , , , ,

, , , , ,

, , , ,

.

V Translate into Ukrainian:

Engineering, utilization, mechanism, heating, air-conditioning, domain, laboursaving, devices, invention, power, instrumentation, processing, manufacture, properties, explosives, cleaner, raw material, employ, comprise, water, permanent.

VI Translate into English:

1).

2).

3), ,

.

4),

, , .

5)– .

6), , ,

, .

.

VII Practise asking questions. Ask all possible questions to the different members of the sentence.

1.Most of the electrical engineering activities may be identified with power or communications.

2.Today, the impact of a power failure graphically illustrates our dependence on electrical power.

VIII Speak on the topic “Realms of Engineering”

IX Rendering

1. Read the text “Scientific and Technological Progress” and be ready to answer the following questions:

1)What is the spectrum of the engineers activity?

2)What does the research and development engineer require?

3)Should the design engineer be a creative person?

4)Why do the design engineers work in a large team?

5)What other specialists do such teams include?

6)What specialists are responsible for the implementation of a completed design?

7)Is a sound knowledge of materials, methods manufacture, time estimation and the logistics of movements important?

8)Knowledge of what domain is needed in the area of installation, operation and maintenance?

9)What is the responsibility of an engineer?

10)When do many engineers move into managerial positions?

Text B Engineering Work

In any one area of engineering there is a wide range of functions that the engineer may participate in. The spectrum includes research and development, design, production and construction, installation, operation and maintenance, and sales and management. In general, the research and development engineer requires, besides a firm grounding in the fundamentals of his area, an easy familiarity with analytical and experimental techniques. A natural curiosity, a creative bent, and considerable stamina is essential.

The design engineer has somewhat similar requirements, with particular accent on creativity. He also needs a broad understanding of such topics as engineering economics, optimization, and methods of manufacture, along with a particular sensitivity toward human needs. Design activity is extremely broad, so the individual is most likely to find himself one of a large team, particularly in a complex project. The team may, include specialists in theoretical analysis, testing, computation, optimization, and esthetic design.

It is production and construction engineers who, on any project, are responsible for the implementation of a completed design. They will have to work initially with design engineers and then with technicians actually to produce the hardware itself from the specified raw materials. A sound knowledge of materials, methods of manufacture, time estimation, and the logistics of movements of materials is important.

The area of installation, operation, and maintenance may need knowledge from civil, mechanical electrical, chemical, or other branches of engineering, depending on the nature of the plant. A large plant may employ specialists from these branches, though a small plant may tend to employ engineers comfortable in several areas. Here the responsibility is to ensure that the equipment is installed correctly, brought into operation, and effectively maintained. The engineer must develop effective maintenance and replacement schedules and requires some knowledge of economics. Aspects of safety and pollution control could be important.

Many engineers after several years in one or more of the above areas, eventually move into managerial positions. Here they quickly discover the merit of some knowledge of economics, financial management, and labor policies. They may need considerable courage to plan effectively and make sound, far-reaching decisions. In this