The_Dictionary_of_Transport_and_Logistics
.pdfLOAD FACTOR
Load factor A measure of the percentage by which the capacity of a vehicle is occupied or utilized (by the seats occupied on each journey or the tonnes carried on a goods vehicle, etc).
Load planning/scheduling Technique for determining most efficient/ economic loads for vehicles according to route to be served/deliveries to be effected, etc. Can be done by computer for which a number of specialized software programs* are available. The essential aim is to achieve maximum utilization of load space and driver working time and most efficient sequence of deliveries (ie without unnecessary duplication of routes).
Load-sensing valve/device Fitted to some goods vehicle to sense the weight on a wheel/axle for the purposes of adjusting braking effort to give maximum retardation without wheel locking.
Loadability The ease with which the loadspace of a vehicle may be maximized.
Loadbase Term used in theoretical calculation of vehicle axle weights. Loadbase is the distance from the centre line of the load to the centre of an axle (ie front loadbase allows calculation of rear axle weight and rear loadbase allows calculation of front loadbase using formula (P x D)/W where P = payload, D = loadbase distance and W = wheelbase).
Loading bay Area within warehouse/transport depot reserved for loading/ unloading activities, load assembly, etc.
Loading broker A person who acts on behalf of a liner company at a port.
Loading dock Term used to describe loading area in warehouse/depot*, usually raised to approximate vehicle load floor height.
Loading gauge A standard measure used to allow safe passage of rail wagons through bridges/tunnels, etc (ie the maximum height and width to which rail wagons must conform to avoid risk of collision with bridges, etc). There are some eight gauges in use in the UK and Europe varying between the smallest (BR W6) and the largest (Eurotunnel). See also Static gauge and Kinematic envelope.
Loading list Term used in shipping to indicate all the items loaded on a vessel – also known as a manifest. In road transport it is called a consignment note.
Loan Usually of money. In transport, by bank or finance house to purchase goods/assets, etc (eg vehicles). Repayable at one time or over
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LOGISTICS SERVICE LIFE-CYCLE
period usually with interest added and sometimes a fixed administrative charge.
Local Plan A statutory land use plan, usually prepared by a District council, setting out detailed, site-specific proposals for land use and transport, in accordance with the general policy of the County Structure Plan.
Location checking The systematic physical checking of warehouse stock against location records to ensure location accuracy. (Source: ILT Supply-
Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Lock Structure at each end of a short stretch of canal* (inland waterway) comprising gates and sluices that are opened and closed to change water levels. Operated by boatmen to raise or lower the water level as required. (There are 1,549 locks on British waterways, the longest flight of narrow locks is at Tardebigge on the Worcester & Birmingham Canal, the longest flight of wide locks is at Devizes on the Kennet & Avon Canal). See also Staircase.
Locomotive Heavy vehicle used for towing rather than carrying loads. Used in heavy haulage (ie Special Types* operations involving abnormal indivisible loads*). Defined in law. See Light locomotive.
Logger (1) Vehicle or item of handling equipment used in timber loading and haulage.
Logger (2) Abbreviation for data logger.
Logistics (1) Total concept covering the planning and organizing of the supply and movement of materials/goods, etc from original source through stages of production, assembly, packing, storage, handling and distribution to final consumer. Distribution is but one element of whole logistics concept and transport a single element only of physical distribution. Logistics is an important function within firms requiring professional management (eg by those who are members of the Institute of Logistics and Transport – ILT*).
Logistics (2) The time-related positioning of resources to meet user requirements. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Logistics service life-cycle The period of time during which specialized logistics services go through the processes of conception, design, implementation, growth, maturity and then move towards decline, being subsequently replaced by more technologically-advanced concepts and systems.
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LOGISTICS SUPPLIERS
Logistics suppliers Industry term for road hauliers and third party* distribution firms that provide logistics services to manufacturers, retailers and other suppliers of goods.
Logo A symbol or emblematic design adopted by organizations to identify the company or its products. In some cases the logo comprises the company name in a stylized format (eg the Freight Transport Association’s initial letters within a circle of arrows). Most are trademarked to protect the owner against fraudulent passing off or copying of its products by competitors. Many such logos are instantly recognizable such as that of the EU, namely a circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background, and those used by, for example, Ford Motor Company (the blue oval), the Royal Lifeboat Institution (its flag) and by many other producers of household and food products.
LO/LO Lift-on/lift-off. Loading method that involves lifting as opposed to rolling on wheels (ie RO/RO*).
London lorry ban Ban on the use of certain London roads at certain times by heavy lorries (except those with LBTC* exemption permits) in the interests of environmental protection of London residents.
Lorry-mounted crane Lifting device (ie crane) mounted on goods vehicle chassis to allow one-man loading and unloading of heavy items (palletized bricks, small machines, etc). Improves efficiency in handling, speeds vehicle turn-round, reduces labour costs and risks of injury in manual loading of such. Often referred to by generic term, Hiab*.
Lost sales A customer demand for which no stock is available and where the customer is not prepared to wait for the item to arrive in stock but goes to another supplier. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Lot number The allocation of a unique number to one or more of a product during manufacture or assembly, to provide traceability. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Low-energy vehicles Vehicles that use fuels and technologies which reduce pollutant emissions and/or which have been manufactured using sustainable construction methods.
Low entry Facility on buses whereby the floor can be hydraulically lowered (ie to effectively kneel – kneeler buses*) to allow ease of entry.
Low loader Common term for articulated vehicle with drop-frame* or swan-neck* semi-trailer used in heavy haulage*.
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LTA (2)
Low stowage/factor Cargo which has a low bulk to weight ratio (eg steel bars).
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas. In transport used for the propulsion of, for example, fork-lift and works trucks. Also used to power some cars and light vans (in conjunction with petrol – mainly for starting) for economy reasons.
LRB Licensing Review Board. One located at each Traffic Area Office* and responsible for reviewing the performance of licensed operators and for recommending follow-up investigations and disciplinary action by the Traffic Commissioner*.
LRP Lead replacement petrol. A new type of lead-free four-star petrol for older vehicles unable to use normal unleaded petrol. It contains a proven anti-wear additive replacing the engine-protective lead content.
LRT (1) Light rapid transit. Term used to describe tramways and metro systems (ie urban public transport systems) such as the Docklands Light Railway in London and the Manchester Metrolink tramway.
LRT (2) London Regional Transport. Public authority responsible for London’s transport, and for the privatized (but not deregulated) bus companies in the capital.
LRTA Light Rail Transit Association. Organization representing light rail* transit operators of which there are a number in the UK (eg Bristol LRT; Croydon Tramlink; Dockland Light Railway; Manchester Metrolink, Midland Metro and Nottingham Express Transit). Produces international light rail magazine, Tramways & Urban Transit.
LSC Learning and Skills Council. Statutory bodies replacing TECs*.
LSP Logistics service provider. Contractor who provides logistics services.
LT (1) Nationality symbol for Lithuania – to be shown on the rear of vehicles from that country.
LT (2) Long ton. Measure of ships cargo tonnage. Long ton is English measure of 2,240 lb as opposed to American short ton (ST*) of 2,000 lb.
LTA (1) Local Transport Authority (ie county councils, unitary authorities and PTEs*).
LTA (2) Lost time accident. Industrial accident (ie accident to an employee at work) in which the injured person has to take time off work
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LTP
whether for an hour or two, or much longer. In calculating personal injury accident statistics, LTAs are recorded.
LTP Local Transport Plan. Drawn up by local authorities as the basis for all local transport policy decisions (lorry bans, local road tolls, etc) and bidding for capital resources. The plans are devised at local level in partnership with the local community. See also FQPs (Freight Quality Partnerships).
Lump sum freight Payment to a ship owner for the charter of a ship, or portion of it, irrespective of quantity of cargo loaded.
Luton (Also known as Luton head). Closed vehicle body (ie van) where the load space is carried forward above the driving cab – as in pantechnicon* bodies for furniture removals.
LV Nationality symbol for Latvia – to be shown on the rear of vehicles from that country.
LVRO Local Vehicle Registration Office. Regional offices of the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA*) where certain vehicle licensing functions are carried out (issue of trade licences, etc). Now called DVLA Local Offices.
LWB Long wheelbase (ie the distance between the axles on goods vehicles). See also SWB.
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Mm
M Nationality symbol for Malta – to be shown on the rear of vehicles from that country.
MAA Motor Agents’ Association. Now known as Retail Motor Industry Federation*. Trade association for motor agents, vehicle dealers/distributors, etc.
Maastricht Treaty The Treaty agreed by the EC member states, which came into effect on 1 November 1993 under which they formed themselves into an economic and monetary union – the European Union* (EU*).
MAC (1) Minister’s Approval Certificate. In connection with vehicle Type Approval, the certificate issued by the Secretary of State for Transport* (ie the Minister) in respect of a vehicle made outside the EU which has received UK Type Approval.
MAC (2) Abbreviation for Macintosh as in Apple Macintosh. Popular computer system (on which the original manuscript for this book was written and revised).
MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (since the May 2001 government reorganization, the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – DEFRA), with whom UK livestock hauliers must register under The Welfare of Animals during Transit Order 1992 (enforcing in Britain the requirements of the EU directive, The Protection of Animals During Transport – EC Directive 628/1991) from 1 January 1993. This order also requires them to comply with strict rules to ensure that animals do not suffer distress or discomfort during transport by road and that the risk of the spread of disease is minimized.
Mafi trailer A type of roll trailer (of German manufacture) used for moving containers onto roll-on/roll-off* ferries.
Magistrates’ Court A Court of summary jurisdiction where cases are tried summarily (eg most transport/road traffic offences) before a magistrate (Justice of the Peace – JP*) who has only limited powers to penalize. More
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MAGISTRATES’ POWERS
serious cases requiring higher penalties are tried on indictment at the County Court before a judge and jury (eg causing death by reckless driving). Where a driver believes a driving test was not properly conducted, he can apply to the Magistrates’ Court, which may order a free re-test. Large goods vehicle licence holder (ie LGV* entitlement), aggrieved by decision of TC* in regard to penalty against his licence, can appeal to Court but only after first appealing direct to TC, in writing, for reconsideration.
Magistrates’ powers Magistrates have powers to impose a free re-test where person believes their driving test was not conducted in accordance with regulations.
Maglev Revolutionary railway system using magnetism created by a linear induction motor and magnetic levitation.
Magnum Heavyweight model in Renault truck range.
Maintenance records Under conditions on which an ‘O’ licence* is granted, must be made and kept available for inspection for at least 15 months. Normally include safety inspections* of vehicles/trailers, service records and driver defect reports*. Licence holder promises to keep such
– licence in jeopardy otherwise.
Make to order A manufacturing or assembly process established to satisfy customer demand only after an order has been placed. (Source: ILT
Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
MAM Maximum authorized mass. Means the same as permissible maximum weight (pmw*) or maximum gross weight*.
MAN Motorenwerke Augsburg Nü rnberg. German manufacturer of heavy vehicles.
Managed transportation System whereby logistics providers supply transport management solutions for clients thus allowing them to concentrate on their core business.
Mandatory disqualification Disqualification of drivers licence by Court following conviction for offence carrying mandatory disqualification (eg for causing death, reckless driving, driving while unfit through drink/drugs, driving with more than permitted alcohol level, failure to provide a breath/ blood/urine sample, racing on the highway) or when penalty points added for present conviction combine with those already imposed to total 12 or more in three years (from date of first offence to date of current offence – not conviction) in which case mandatory disqualification must be imposed.
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MARKER BOARDS
Manifest Document listing all the goods or individual consignments making up a load on a ship or aircraft. In road transport, usually called a consignment note.
Manpower Commercial staff agency – supplies goods vehicle drivers through its Overdrive* offshoot.
Manslaughter See Corporate manslaughter.
Manual record In connection with drivers’ record keeping, when a tachograph* record cannot be made driver must make manual entry (record) on chart to show his activities for that time (ie driving, other work, break, rest period).
Manufacturer’s plate Plate fitted to goods vehicle/trailer by manufacturer to show maximum weights for individual axles and vehicle/vehicle-trailer combination at which it is designed to operate (ie design weights). These may be above current legal limits in GB in which case the lower legal limits may be shown.
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP2) A method for the effective planning of all the resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning in money, and has a simulation capability to answer ‘what if’ questions. It is made up of a variety of functions, each linked together: business planning, master (or production) planning, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, capacity requirements planning and the execution systems for capacity and priority. Outputs from these systems would be integrated with financial reports such as the business plan, purchase commitment report, shipping budget, stock projections in money, etc. Manufacturing resource planning is a direct out-growth and extension of material requirements planning* (MRP1). (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Marginal costs The costs of producing one further unit of output, or performing above the standard (ie when all fixed/overhead costs have been recovered). In transport, for example, the additional costs of adding an extra delivery when all fixed costs of the route have been covered by the other deliveries (ie leaving just the extra fuel, vehicle wear and driver time to be recovered). Where a driver is paid for a guaranteed day, his wage costs would not normally be taken into account when assessing the economics of making an additional journey.
Marker boards Reflective marker boards (comprising red fluorescent and yellow reflective material) fitted to the rear of long vehicles in accordance with the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 as amended.
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MARKET/MARKET PLACE
Market/market place The area (or area of demand) in which a firm trades or plans to trade.
Market strategy A plan for gaining a share of a defined market (see above).
Marshalling area Assembly point for people/vehicle/goods to comprise a vehicle load. See also Load assembly.
Mass Body of matter. In transport, modern term for the weight of a vehicle (ie gross mass = gvw).
Mass transit Subway (ie underground) or surface heavy or light rail system for moving large numbers of people quickly over relatively short distances (eg commuter traffic).
Master cylinder On a motor vehicle, the central reservoir where hydraulic fluid is held and distributed through a valve when opened to operate (ie brakes or clutch).
Master Driver New (in 2000) driver training scheme developed by the RTITB* to boost skills and create a new class of ‘master drivers’.
Material requirements planning (MRP1) A system to support manufacturing and fabrication organizations by the timely release of production and purchase orders using the production plan for finished goods to determine the materials required to make the product. Orders for dependent demand items are phased over time to ensure that the flow of raw materials and in-process inventories matches the production schedules for finished products. The three key inputs are:
1.The master production schedule.
2.Inventory status records.
3.Product structure records. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Materials handling The practice of planning and providing for the handling/movement of materials, usually in warehouses/works, etc and usually by fork-lift/works trucks but includes by conveyor, etc.
Materials management The planning, organization and control of all aspects of inventory embracing procurement, warehousing, work-in- progress, shipping, and distribution of finished goods. (Source: ILT Supply-
Chain Inventory Management SIG)
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MEBO
Matrix bar code See Two-dimensional bar code.
MAV Multi-activity vehicle. Car-speak for a high-roof variant of normal saloon or hatchback-type car.
MAWB Master air waybill. See also Air waybill.
Maxi Cube High capacity vehicle body for bulk/light loads. See also High Cube, Supercube and Pantechnicon.
Maximum stock The upper limit, expressed in quantitative, financial or time-based terms, to which the stock of an item should normally be allowed to rise. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
Maximum order quantity An order quantity which, in principle, must not be exceeded. (Source: ILT Supply-Chain Inventory Management SIG)
MB or M-B Mercedes-Benz. Renowned German manufacturer of commercial vehicles and quality motor cars. Now part of the giant German/ American DaimlerChrysler vehicle manufacturing conglomerate.
MBO (1) Management by objectives. Management system to achieve predetermined business objectives.
MBO (2) Management buy out. Scheme whereby a firm’s existing management and/or employees raise funds to buy their firm from its present owners.
MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Government agency responsible for developing, promoting and enforcing high standards of marine safety, minimizing loss of life among seafarers and coastal users and responding to maritime emergencies 24 hours a day. Also concerned with minimizing the risk of pollution of the marine environment from ships.
MDC Mobil Diesel Club. Club card for obtaining diesel fuel and service on credit from Mobil Oil Co.
M’dise Common abbreviation of the word ‘merchandise’ used in shipping documentation.
Measurement ton The equivalent volumetric measure for one ton = one cubic metre.
MEBO Management and employee buy out.
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