Have to1

Exercise 23 p. 141 Study the following chart.

	He has	to get up early
necessity	Do you often have	to go to town?
Duty	You don’t have	to come on Sundays.
Obligation	I shall have	to go to the doctor.
Absence of necessity	He had	to wait for you nearly and hour.
	Did she have	to help her younger brother?

Exercise 24 p. 142 Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

1. He has to watch his diet. (why) 2. After the operation he had to stay in hospital for a long time. (how long) 3. You will have to show him the way to the station. (whom) 4. We had to change trains in Kiev. (where) 5. They do not have to pay for the books at school. (why) 6. All traffic has to make way for a fire brigade. (for whom) 7. She has to drink this medicine without sugar. (how) 8. We didn't have to take food with us, there was a good restaurant there. (why)

Exercise 25 p. 142 Use 'not have to' for 'needn't'. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. You needn't follow me in everything. 2. He needn't argue about it. The question is clear. 3. She needn't agree with everything he says. 4. I needn't hand in my report this week. 5. They needn't return home so early. 6. We needn't hand in our compositions today.

Exercise 26 p. 142 Practise the following according to the models.

Model 1: She used to help him a lot with his English.

Now she doesn't have to. He knows the language quite well.

1. I used to lose a lot of time to get to the office. — 2. When he was a student he used to work mostly in the library. — 3. She used to argue a lot on the subject. — 4. He used to copy a lot of documents by hand — 5. When she came to live in this country she used to ask a lot of questions -.

Model 2: Now I must think of such things but last year I didn't have to.

1. With this new job I must keep a lot of things in my mind, but a few months ago —. 2. Now we must get up very early but during our vacation —. 3. Now she must take a bus to get to the Institute but when she lived in the centre —. 4. Now he must help his parents but a few years ago —. 5. Now I must go to my dentist rather often but when I was your age —.

Model 3: "Do you want to speak at the meeting?"

“I’ll have to".

1. Is she going to explain why she has been absent a whole week? 2. Will he agree to the operation? 3. Are they going to return by the 1st of September? 4. Will she answer the telegram? 5. Are you going to follow his advice? 6. Are you going to wait for the next train?

Exercise 27 p. 142 Translate the following sentences on the pattern: 'All you have to do is (to) phone her'.

1. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это принять решение. 2. Единственное, что ему надо было сделать, это последовать нашему совету. 3. Все, что ему приходилось делать, это доставлять почту из города. 4. Единственное, что вам придется сделать, это вручить письмо секретарю. 5. Единственное, что вам придется сделать, это написать адрес.

Ехercise 28 p. 143 Complete the following sentences with 'have to' or 'must' according to the sense.

1. You (be) kind to the child. 2. "Have you got The Moon and Sixpence by S. Maugham?" "Yes, but it's not mine. I (give) it back next week." 3. He (not forget) that his younger brother follows him in everything. She has just returned from hospital, she (stay) in bed another week. 5. He (not go) far to fetch her. She was always in the garden working. 6. He felt that he (speak) to her. 7. He said that if you wanted to see him, you (come) to him yourself. 8. I (come) myself to talk matters over? 9. You (come) at once, I need your advice. 10. We could work no longer. We (have) a rest.

Exercise 29 p. 143 Translate the following sentences using 'have to' or ‘must’ according to the sense.

1. Нам нужно было возвращаться в тот же день. 2. Ей придется последовать совету врача и переменить климат. 3. Ему не пришлось выбирать. Он пришел слишком поздно. 4. Мы не должны забывать этого. 5. Вам придется согласиться с нашим решением, нравится оно вам или нет. 6. Ему пришлось прекратить спорить с ним. 7. Единственное, что тебе надо сделать, это дать знать о дне твоего приезда. 8. Вы всегда должны помнить об этом. 9. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это отказаться от их помощи. 10. Вам нужно все хорошо продумать, прежде чем согласиться на поездку. 11. Вы можете не спешить. Поезд опаздывает.

Be Able¹⁰

Exercise 30 p. 143 Complete the following sentences according to the model.

Model: If she helps us, we (finish the work much earlier).

If she helps us, we shall be able to finish the work much earlier.

1. If you refuse to follow my instructions (not do this in the right way). 2. If he chooses the right book, (make a good report). 3. If they con­tinue to argue, (not discuss all the questions). 4. If she gets well by the end of the week, (join us for the excursion to Pskov). 5. If you phone for a taxi, I (leave later). 6. If she follows the doctor's advice now, (skate again very soon). 7. If he finishes his term paper on Friday, he (hand it in on Monday).

Exercise 31 p. 143 Practise the following according to the model.

Model: "Can you speak English?" (by the end of the year).

"Not yet, but I'll be able to by the end of the year."

1. Can you hand in your term paper? (by the 15th of March) 2. Can they translate articles from the newspaper? (in the third course) 3. Can you look through my composition now? (in the evening) 4. Can she skate (ski, play tennis, chess) well? (with time) 5. Can we join your sports club now? (in January) 6. Can you follow the speaker? (when I have a little more practice in spoken English)

Exercise 32 p. 144 Translate the following sentences, using 'can' ('could'), 'be able'.

1. Я смогу вернуть вам ваш доклад после того, как я просмотрю его. 2. Остальная часть группы сможет пойти в музей в субботу. 3. Он как раз тот человек, который может объяснить вам, что вам нужно делать. 4. Он не мог понять, почему все были так удивлены и расстроены, когда он отказался от этой работы. 5. Мы сумели закончить работу, хотя у нас было очень мало времени. 6. Где можно достать этот словарь? 7. Он сказал, что не сможет дать ответ, пока не обдумает все как следует. 8. Они не сразу поняли, почему мы не сумели выехать вовремя. 9. Мы сделаем все возможное, чтобы выполнить обещание. 10. Вы можете поверить мне, я вас не обманываю.

Be to

Exercise 33 p. 144 Study the following chart.

plan agreement	The delegates to We were to meet He was to join us	the conference are to arrive tomorrow. at the metro station. later on.
prohibition (very sharp)	You are not to go	there.

Exercise 34 p. 144 Complete the following situations, using 'be to’.

Model: I can't go to the cinema with you. (be at the hospital at five).

I am to be at the hospital at five.

1. He won't be present at the meeting tomorrow. (take his examination in English) 2. I had to leave for Kiev quite unexpectedly, my mother was very ill. (my assistant, continue my work) 3. You needn't start writing the article at once. (but, hand it in next Friday) 4. We'll have to get up early. (leave at 6:30) 5. We were expecting him in Kiev. (join us, on our trip) 6. We didn't want to start the discussion of the book without him. (say a few words about the author) 7. They went there by different roads. (but, meet at the lake, on the same day) 8. Don't let the child watch this film on TV (children, not see such films)

Exercise 35 p. 144 Translate the following sentences.

1. Мы поехали туда поездом и должны были вернуться самолетом. 2. Она уезжает. Она будет писать мне два раза в месяц. 3. Он должен быть у врача в понедельник. Я не знаю, что он сказал ему. 4. Вы останетесь здесь еще на три дня, а потом я присоединюсь к вам, и мы вернемся вместе на машине. 5. Вам нельзя разговаривать после операции. 6. Мы договорились встретиться на углу улицы под часами. 7. Мы должны были ждать ее у входа в метро. 8. Мы договорились помочь ей, но она отказалась от нашей помощи. 9. Она должна зайти после четырех.

Exercise 36 p. 145 Fill in the blanks with modal verbs or their equivalents according to the sense.

1. I — not hear very well. Speak louder, please. 2. You — not speak so loudly. I can hear you very well as it is. 3. "— I leave a bit earlier today?" "No, you —." 4. He told her that she — come and go as she liked. 5. She said she — explain everything later on. 6. I don't know what plan she has in mind but I — know it. 7. You — let the woman pass first when entering the room. 8. He — not agree, nobody was making him. 9. They argue for a long time before they came to an agreement. 10. You — speak louder if you want them to hear you.

Exercise 37 p. 145 Use Reported Speech.

1 He asked her: "May I have your telephone number?" 2. She said: "I can't choose. I must take it as it is." 3. She said to him: "As you grow older you'll be able to understand me." 4. The instructor said: "She may continue the work she has begun." 5. They asked him: "Where can we find you if we need you?" 6. Mother said: "I have to repeat the same thing to you several times before you understand what I want from you." 7. The father said to the child: "What are you doing here so late? You must be in bed." 8. He said: "I had to make money at a very early age." 9. "I can't hand the letter just to anybody. I must hand it personally to her," he said. 10. "I can't let you have my bicycle at once, but I'll be able to in a week," she said to him. 11. She said: "Can I use your telephone?"

Exercise 38 p.145 Translate the following sentences, using modal verbs or their equivalents.

1. Современный человек должен много читать и быть образованным, чтобы понимать поступательное развитие нашего общества. 2. В наше время мы не можем обходиться без электричества. 3. Если вы не изучите инструкцию, вы можете сломать машину. 4. Мы должны иметь лекции по истории два раза в неделю, по понедельникам и пятницам. 5. Он был не прав. Ему пришлось согласиться с нами, хотя он был очень недоволен. 6. Нет необходимости повторять мне одно и тоже. Я просто не могу сделать то, что вы хотите. 7. Мне приходится выезжать самым ранним поездом, иначе я опаздываю на первый урок. 8. Давайте не будем спорить об этом сейчас. Мы должны сначала решить первый вопрос. 9. Она поняла, что ей придется переговорить с ним об этом деле. 10. Поскольку вы здесь, можно мне задать вам несколько вопросов? 11. Он должен был передать деньги секретарю, но я не уверен, что он сумел это сделать. 12. В такую солнечную погоду она не может обходиться без темных очков. 13. Вы можете не есть суп, но второе вы должны попробовать. 14. Вы не сможете обсуждать эту тему, пока не прочтете ее до конца. 15. Вы можете помочь мне с моими вещами? 16. Здесь курить нельзя. Это небезопасно. 17. Неужели ты не видишь, что ей нужно работать?! 18. Как вы можете заставлять его делать то, что против его принципов?

Should

Exercise 20 p. 278 Study the following chart. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech
Moral obligation, advice, disapproval	You should work harder. The work should be done at once. You should be more careful next time. He should stop smoking. He said that I should thank her. You shouldn’t laugh at his mistake.
Meaning	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
Criticism of a past action (disapproval, reproach, regret)	You should have told him the whole truth. (But you didn’t). She should have been told the truth. (She wasn’t). I should have sent the telegram at once. (I didn’t. I am sorry). You shouldn’t have mentioned the fact in her presence. (But you did). I said that she shouldn’t have let him go so early. (But she had and it was wrong).

Exercise 21 p. 279 Express advice, disapproval or reproach about the following statements, using “should”:

Model 1: (a) He smokes too much. He shouldn’t smoke so much.

(b) She doesn’t work hard enough. She should work harder.

1. You don’t eat properly. 2. She often shouts at people for no reason at all. 3. I see you are not ashamed of what you have said. 4. They often quarrel about little things. 5. He doesn’t know how to behave. 6. You cross the streets very carelessly. 7. The letter is not written yet. 8. He drives very fast.

Model 2: (a) He didn’t take part in the discussion.

He should have taken part in the discussion.

(b) She allowed him to go out too early after his illness.

She shouldn’t have allowed him to go out so early after his illness.

1. She didn’t follow the doctor’s advice. 2. We came to the party without an invitation. 3. He upset her by his bad behaviour. 4. They didn’t allow her to go on the excursion. She was so eager to go. 5. They smoked in class. 6. I missed this wonderful chance. 7. He didn’t win first place. He had not trained hard enough. 8. We didn’t let him make another attempt. 9. She went there alone.

Exercise 22 p. 279 Complete the situations, expressing advice, reproach, regret by using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive.

1. I didn’t know it would rain. (take an umbrella) 2. You can’t afford to make such a mistake again. (be careful next time) 3. Her advice was reasonable. (follow) 4. You are very tired. (have a rest) 5. Where is Mary? (be back long ago) 6. It seems that he forgot all about his promise. (remind about it). 7. I didn’t know the museum was such a long way from here. (take a taxi) 8. They lost their way. (not turn to the left; go straight) 9. It’s going to be a long trip (take sth to eat on the train) 10. Where is the doctor? (send for immediately) 11. He often misses lectures and lessons. (attend regularly) 12. She forgot what she wanted to say (not interrupt).

Exercise 23 p. 279 Translate the following sentences, using ‘should’, mind the form of the infinitive:

1. Вам надо было сдавать экзамены со всеми остальными студентами. 2. Мне не следовало упускать случай поговорить с ним об этом деле. 3. Этот вопрос надо поднять на следующем заседании. 4. Не надо портить глаза. Зажги свет. 5. Ему следует держать все вещи в порядке и на своих местах, тогда ему не придется искать каждый пустяк. 6. Вы должны были закончить эту работу давно. Вы уже, по-моему, работаете над этой проблемой год. 7. Он сказал, что ей следует прислушаться к голосу разума. 8. Напрасно вы не предупредили ее об изменении в расписании. 9. Они сказали, что вам следовало приехать хотя бы на день раньше.

Need

Exercise 24 p. 280 Study the following chart:

Meaning	With a Non-Perfect Infinitive (Present, Future; of past in Reported Speech)
Absence of necessity	You needn’t hurry. (There is no need for you to hurry).
	He needn’t speak so loud (Everybody can hear him).
	She said that I needn’t go there.
	With a Perfect Infinitive (past, or prior to the moment of speech)
	You needn’t have come so early. (There was no need for him to come so early, but he did come). She needn’t have translated the article. (But she did translate it). He said that I needn’t have gone there. (But I had gone there).

Exercise 25 p. 280 Paraphrase the following sentences, using 'need'.

1. It's not necessary for you to leave so early. 2. It is not necessary for you to repeat it so many times. 3. Why are you talking in a whisper? Nobody is sleeping. 4. It wasn't necessary for you to trouble him. They were quite able to do the work without him. 5. Why did you raise this question again? It had been settled. 6. It wasn't necessary for you to buy a new coat this year. 7. She got worried quite unnecessarily. 8. It was a waste of time to talk to him on the subject.

Exercise 26 p. 280 Translate the following sentences into English, using 'need'.

1. Нам не нужно брать такси. Вокзал недалеко отсюда. 2. Ей не нужно было садиться на восьмичасовой поезд. Она стояла всю дорогу. 3. Вам не нужно звонить ей. Она уже пришла. 4. Не удивительно, что вы заблудились. Вам не нужно было переходить железную дорогу. Деревня на этой стороне. 5. Ей незачем напоминать о том, что ей нужно делать. Она сама всё помнит. 6. Вы можете не есть суп, если не хотите. 7. Вам не нужно было давать им никаких обещаний. 8. Он сказал, что ей незачем было волноваться. 9. Он сказал, что мне можно не возвращать книги в понедельник.

Ехercise 27 p. 280 Compare the meaning of 'should' and 'have to'; 'should' and 'must’; 'should' and 'need’. Translate the sentences into Russian.

(A) 1. (i) She has to get up very early. Her office is a long way from here. (ii) She should get up very early, then she won't be late again. 2. (i) She doesn't have to make her son read. He is fond of reading. (ii) She shouldn't make her son read much, his eyes are very weak. 3. (i) It was so noisy in the hall. He had to shout to be heard. (ii) They didn't hear him. He should have shouted to be heard. 4. (i) He didn't have to remind her of her promise. She was as good as her word. (ii) He shouldn't have reminded her of her promise. She was hurt.

(B) 1. (i) You must see the doctor. (ii) You should see the doctor. 2. (i) You mustn't smoke. (ii) You shouldn't smoke. 3. (i) You needn't go to her. You can phone her. (ii) You shouldn't go to her. She is too ill to see anybody. 4. (i) You needn't have warned her about the danger. She knew about it better than anybody else. (ii) You shouldn't have warned her about the danger. You've frightened her.

Exercise 28 p. 281 Insert 'had to', 'didn't have to' or 'should + perfect inf.' or 'shouldn't +perfect inf.' according to the sense.

1. You — (wake) me up. Why did you? You know, I don't have to go to the office today. 2. I — (wake) him up because I was afraid he would be late again. 3. He — (wait) for the next train long and arrived in time for the plane. 4. He — (take) an early train not to miss the plane. He has lost a whole day for nothing. 5. We — (wait) for her, because she never came at all. 6. I — (tell) him about it personally, I wrote him a letter. 7. You — (say) anything, nobody asked you. Now you've ruined our plan. 8. She — (stay) at the hotel until she received the money from home. 9. She — (stay) at the hotel another day. Why did she break the arrangement? 10. They — (argue), they came to an agreement almost at once.

Exercise 29 p. 281 Translate the following sentences, using 'should', 'have to’ and 'need’ according to the sense.

1. Вам не было необходимости ехать за билетами на вокзал. Их надо было заказать по телефону. 2. Раньше ему приходилось делать пересадку два раза, когда он ехал в институт. 3. Тебе не надо было делать пересадку. Восьмой автобус идет прямо до моего дома. 4. Вам незачем было ехать туда одной. 5. Мне следовало пригласить его тоже. 6. Нам не приходится решать такие вопросы. 7. Он сказал, что мне тоже следовало принять участие в работе клуба. 8. Она сказала, мне следует позвонить ему. 9. Они сказали, что нам не нужно платить за билеты. Они бесплатные. 10. Я должен был вернуться до их возвращения, поэтому я вышел раньше. 11. Вам незачем идти на шестой этаж пешком. В доме есть лифт. 12. Не следует расстраивать его из-за таких пустяков. 13. Вам придется согласиться с нашим планом. 14. После такой напряженной работы вам следует хорошо отдохнуть.

Exercise 37 p. 284 Fill in the blanks with 'be to', ‘have to’, 'should', 'could’, 'need' with the correct form of the Infinitive given in brackets.

Helena — (lunch) with her father, who was arriving on a sleeper from Cleveland in the morning; they — (go) shopping together for her mother's anniversary present. She — (meet) him at the Savoy plaza hotel where he kept a bedroom and sitting room for the times when he came to New York on business.

So when the telephone rang in the morning, Helena thought it was her father, but it was Nora declaring that she — (see) Helena right away. Helena felt that Nora wanted to speak about her ugly behaviour at the party the night before when Helena had caught her kissing Kay's husband. Helena — (not discuss) the matter on the telephone. She knew that Nora was worried, but said Nora — (not worry), she wouldn't breathe a word to a soul.

Nora suggested that Helena — (come) round to her place and Helena found herself agreeing. Her father was surprised when she said she __ (not meet) him for lunch as she — (see) a friend. He said reproachfully she — (refuse). He — (not see) what was so urgent that it — (not wait) till afternoon. Helena was unable to see herself why Nora — (not meet her the next day. But when Helena suggested this, there was a silence on the other end of the wire and Nora said: "Never mind, forget it, I __ (guess) that you wouldn't want to see me," which made Helena say it wasn't true and promise to come at once. The moment she put down the receiver she felt she — (agree). She wasn't looking forward to the interview.

(After "The Group" by Mary McCarthy)

1 The Future Continuous Tense is not common in Modern English. The Perfect Non-Continuous Form is used instead. “By this tin\me next year I’ll have worked at this problem for three years.”

1 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used sometimes to denote an activity in its progress immediately preceding the moment of speech and serving at the same time as an explanation of or excuse for something.

1 The Y.M.C.A.: The Young Men’s Christian Association.

2 Mass: Massachusetts

1 Calisthenics: вольные упрфжнения

1 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object becomes the subject of the Passive Construction, eg: “The old house was sold to them very cheap.

2 These verbs are used in the Passive Voice on the pattern of group (b). The verbs introduced, declare, deliver, present, recommend, prove, point out also belong here. The second passive construction is not used with these verbs. Eg. The rule was explained to me.

3 With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i.e. when the direct object denoting a person becomes the subject of the passive construction, Eg “He was asked a lot of questions.”

1 magnifying glass: увеличительное стекло; лупа

2 Some other changes should be observed in Reported Speech: "now" is changed to "then", "tomorrow" ‑ "the following day/the next day", "here" ‑ "there", "this/these" ‑ "that/those".

3 The verbs "shall" and "will" according to the rules of sequence of tenses have the forms of "should" and "would" in the Future-in-the-Past. In modern English "would" is more common for all persons of the singular and plural. "Should" must be used when it has the meaning "Do you want me to ..."

4 The Future Tense can be used after the conjunctions "if" and "when" if they introduce object clauses.

5 Some other changes should be observed in reported speech: "yesterday" is changed to "the day before/the previous day", "last Tuesday" to "the previous Tuesday", "last week/month, etc" to "the week before/earlier/previously", "two days, weeks, etc ago" to "two days, weeks, etc before", "at the moment" to "at the time".

6 With a definite indication of the time of action, there will be no change in the tense form, eg "I lived in Leningrad when the war broke out," she said. -> She said (that) she lived in Leningrad when the war broke out. He said: "I was born in 1961." - He said (that) he was born in 1961.

1 The construction “I have my job to think about” is more emphatic than “I must think about my job”.

1 Note the correlation: too clever to do something; clever enough to do something; only to see something once to remember.

7 A Complex object with Participle I is also possible with the verbs: see, watch, hear, etc “I saw him cross (crossing) the street. ”Participle one is used to draw attention to the process.

1 after the verbs see, hear, feel a subordinate clause, not a complex object, is used if they denote mental perception, eg ‘I saw that he didn’t believe me.”

1 Such verbs, as like, hate, find, think, allow, get, tell, can also be used on the same pattern,

eg “I hate you to take my books without letting me know”. “He told me to do the job.

8 Note that in modern English “may” and ‘can” are often interchangeable. Can I wait for him here?”is also correct

9

1 in colloquial speech “have got to” is used for “have to”, eg “At what time have you got to be there?” “I’ve got to be there by ten o’ clock”.

10 “Be able” or “manage” is used sometimes in place of “could” to show that the effect was achieved: eg “He felt better in the morning, he was able (managed) to finish the work in time.”

83