Английский язык учебник

Task 2. Explain and expand on the following.

1.Piaget believed that children act as “inquiring scientists.”

2.Prior to Piaget, psychological thinking about chil dren’s cognitive development was dominated by the biological maturation perspective, which gave almost exclusive weight to the “nature” component of development, and by the environmental learning perspective, which gave almost exclusive weight to the “nurture” component.

3.Preoperational children lack conservation.

4.Piaget believed that egocentrism explains the ri gidity of preoperational thought.

Task 3. Convey the meaning of the following terms in your own words.

Accommodation, assimilation, conservation, dis crimination, egocentrism, object permanence, opera tion, preoperational stage, schema, sensorimotor stage, operational stages.

Task 4. Give a summary of the text using your ac tive vocabulary.

Exercise 5. Ask your partner:

1.whether he (she) agrees or disagrees with Piaget’s belief that early cognitive development depends on sensorimotor activities;

2.how children’s ability to think and reason changes through a series of qualitatively distinct stages;

3.in what way children begin to develop a concept of themselves as separate from the external world;

4.what an important discovery during the sensori motor stage is;

5.whether children comprehend certain rules or ope rations during the preoperational stage;

6.what the essence of formal operational thought is.

Exercise 6. Express your opinion about Piaget’s theory.

Exercise 7. Would you like to amaze your friends (parents, teachers) with your unusual “deductive” abilities? This is how to trick them into believing you have them.

HOW OLD IS YOUR TEACHER?

If you look below, you’ll see six sets of numbers. To determine the age of anyone ask them to indicate

which sets of figures contain his age. Then simply add the upper left hand figure in each set and you’ll have the correct answer.

“Speak out” 3/2001. Изд во «Глосса», p. 29

WRITING

Exercise 1. Develop the following topics in written form. Make use of the active vocabulary given in brackets.

1.The child enters the world well prepared to learn and perceive (to design some ingenious procedures,

visual acuity, to prefer patterns with curved lines, the head turning response, to pinpoint the location of a sound, to distinguish between speech sounds, to pick up information, to discriminate between tastes, noxious odors, to suck vigorously, prenatal experience with sounds, to stem).

2.The influence of the nurture on the development of mental abilities (to assimilate ideas, to encourage ingenuity, discriminative features, to encounter difficulties, to arouse dormant faculties, the in volvement in a child’s academic progress).

Exercise 2. Render the following text into English.

Понятие “способность” – широкий термин. В словаре Даля “способный” определяется как годный к чему либо или склонный, ловкий, пригодный, умелый.

Способности рассматриваются как индивидуаль но психологические особенности, которые отличают одного человека от другого, от которых зависит успех деятельности. Способности развиваются в процессе и под влиянием деятельности, которая требует от человека определенных способностей. Вне деятельности никакие способности раз виваться не могут. Ключевым вопросом в изу чении развития способностей является изучение влияния высшей нервной деятельности. Так на пример, от скорости образования и прочности условных рефлексов зависит быстрота и прочность усвоения знаний и навыков, от быстроты вы работки дифференцировочного торможения на сходные раздражители – возможность тонко улавливать сходство и различие между предме тами или их свойствами и т.д.

Способности различаются по качеству, широте и степени развития. По качеству, способности делятся

на математические, технические, художественные, литературные, музыкальные и т.п., по широте, раз личаются общие и специальные. Специальные спо собности являются необходимыми для успешного выполнения одного конкретного вида деятельности, например музыкальная память у музыканта. Общие способности необходимы для выполнения разных видов деятельности, например такие способности как изобретательный ум, хорошая зрительная па мять, способность хорошо разбираться в чем либо, творческое воображение и другие, присущие людям многих профессий. Самой основной и распространен ной является аналитико синтетическая способность. Благодаря ей человек различает отдельные предметы или явления, выделяет главное, улавливает саму суть явления, объединяет выделенные компоненты в новом комплексе и создает что то новое, ориги нальное.

Понятно, что никакая отдельная способность не может быть достаточной для успешного выполнения деятельности. Надо, чтобы у человека было много способностей, которые находились бы в благопри ятном сочетании. Поэтому, в процессе воспитания и обучения детей нельзя недооценивать их способ ности, а надо развивать их.

GRAMMAR REVISION

SHOULD, OUGHT TO

There is hardly any difference between these verbs, they are interchangeable. There is a dif ference in construction: ought to is always followed by the to infinitive. Moral obligation or duty is more often expressed by ought to. It is a little stron ger than should.

Exercise 1. Analyze the meaning of the modal verb “should” and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Parents should spend more time reading to their children and encouraging creative types of play.

2.In order to avoid being alone you should develop a circle of friends.

3.He experienced betrayal. He shouldn’t have trus ted that person.

4.Children shouldn’t watch much violence on TV, it leads to their aggression.

5.Most of the students who feel depressed should seek help either within the college or from outside sources.

6.The professor lectured on clinical psychology yes terday. You should have listened to him.

7.They should have chosen a more suitable time to carry out the experiment.

8.You shouldn’t give rise to your negative emotions.

9.People who study a foreign language ought to know what different smiles signify in different coun tries.

Exercise 2. Put “should” or “shouldn’t in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Mothers _____look after their children.

2.A person _____be entitled to take his or her own life without society interfering.

3.People _____be able to obtain a better education or better medical care for their families by paying for them.

4.If you feel frightened or worried, you _____ talk to a friend about the things that are frightening or worrying you.

5.When events in one’s life seem fatal, a person

_____give way to despair.

6.Very often people perceive danger where there is none. Such fears can be detrimental to your health, so in order to relieve stress you _____train to relax and meditate.

7.The psychologists _____ have finished their obser vations by the end of the week.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences with “should/ ought to” + infinitive (or a passive form) or “should /ought to have” + Past Partici ple using one of the verbs.

1.The results were completely wrong. As a scientist she __________ the experiment more carefully.

2.You __________ so much bread, now you’ve gained weight.

3.As for the question of children – to have or not to have them – each family __________ it for itself jointly.

4.Parents __________ confidence to their children and let them know they love them.

5.She failed to obtain productive results. She

__________ observation.

6.Some major steps __________ to reduce the dan ger of drug problems.

7.Unfortunately, drug addiction has spread all over the world. Tougher laws __________ to fight the drug mafia.

8.He doesn’t feel well now. He __________ to take this medicine yesterday.

9.Children __________ “the value of money”.

Exercise 4. When we give advice we often use the words “should” and “shouldn’t”. Now read the story and give some advice.

Mr. Miller is a businessman. He has just had a heart attack and is now in hospital. Mr. Miller is a heavy smoker and drinks heavily too. He works very, very hard, both at the office and at home. He also wor ries about his work. He drives a big, comfortable car, eats large business lunches and never takes any exer cise. He is married, has two lovely children, though he doesn’t see them very often. The last time he had a real holiday was three years ago.

Fortunately, Mr. Miller has survived his heart at tack.

Now, what’s your advice to be? (Use: I think you should; I don’t think you should; you shouldn’t...)

Донченко. Английский для психологов и соци ологов. Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2002, c. 61

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with “must”, “should” or “ought to”. Use the correct form of the verb.

1.You ___ (to apologize) when you saw that his feel ings were hurt.

2.Growth and self actualization _____ (to be) the cri teria of psychological health.

3.Children _____ (to teach) the difference between “right” and “wrong”.

4.She grew up a very spoilt child. Her parents _____

( to indulge) her whims.

5.They _____ (to try) to develop methods which may advance their knowledge.

6.Let’s introduce new factors to him as they are. He

_____ (to understand).

7.The emphasis on helpfulness _____ (to begin) at a very early age with things as simple as letting them help set the table.

8.Children _____ (to master) all levels of language – not only the proper speech sounds – but also how those sounds are combined into thousands of words.

9.He _____(to work) at this problem now.

10.He _____ (to work) at the problem. It hasn’t been solved yet.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with “must”, “to be to”, “to have to”, “should”, “can”. Use the correct form of the verb.

1.They _____ (to study) the subject more thorough ly. They will regret it later on.

2.Theorizing _____ (to determine) what kinds of tests will be needed.

3.We all _____ (to contend) with neurotic needs to some degree.

4.Watching television over a long span _____ seri ously (to damage) children’s ability to think clear ly.

5.Early training _____ (to turn) a child into any kind of adult, regardless of his or her heredity.

6.According to Vygotsky, we _____ (to know) both the actual and potential levels of development in a particular child if we are fully to understand his level of cognitive development.

7.They _____(to show) us how to organize the work in the laboratory.

8.To study infant perception, a researcher _____ (to find) a form of behaviour through which an infant indicates what it can discriminate.

9.Stepparents _____initially (to approach) their stepchildren as a friend and gradually get into dis cipline, letting the biological parent with custody take care of most of the disciplining.

10.His scores were very low. He _____ (to concen trate) on the test more.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1.Вам следовало бы найти специалиста, который дал бы вам хороший совет.

2.Вам надо было проверить полученные результа ты еще раз. Там, должно быть, есть ошибки.

3.Чтобы избежать проблем со сном, вам следует принять теплый душ перед сном и послушать спокойную музыку.

4.Если вы заинтересованы в поддержании вашего веса, вам следует продолжать придерживаться этой диеты.

5.Ему не следовало принимать столько снотворно го вчера. Он сегодня совершенно не трудоспосо бен.

6.Когда поведение ребенка недопустимое, взро слым следует критиковать его поведение, а не его личность.

7.Следует особо отметить, что беременныe женщи ны, употребляющие алкоголь в большом количе стве, вероятнее всего, произведут на свет недо ношенных умственно отсталых детей.

8.Взрослым следует взять на себя ответственность по защите детей от насилия.