Participle II
Participle П has only one form and usually expresses an action already completed. Participle П of transitive verbs, when it is not part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning: invited, broken, built, translated.
Participle П can be used in pre-position (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words).
He went toward the lighted window.
I rode about the country on a horse lent me by my friend.
Participle П of intransitive verbs which denotes passing into a new stage is always active in meaning. Mainly Participle П of intransitive verbs has no independent function in the sentence: come, slept, smiled; they may be used to form Perfect tenses. Only Participle П of verbs of motion or change of state can be used independently, mostly as attributes. These are Participle П of the verbs to arrive, to go, to rise, to fall, to fade, to wither, to vanish e.g. arrived delegations, faded leaves, a fallen star, a retired president.
Some Participle can be used either transitively or intransitively: hidden, returned, diminished, increased: a returned traveler, the boy hidden behind the tree, an increased population.
The Functions of Participle II:
1) an attribute
a broken cup, books taken from the library.
2) a predicative
The door is locked.
I was greatly frightened.
The door remained locked for many years.
3) an adverbial modifier
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of time (conjunctions when ,while, until)
When asked about it he refused to answer.
She won't stop talking until interrupted.
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of manner (conjunctions as, with)
I did as requested.
She sat for a while with her eyes closed
.
c) of condition (conj. if, unless)
I'll do it, if required.
She'll talk for hours unless interrupted.
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of comparison (conj. as if, as though)
As if torn with inner conflict, he cried.
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of concession (conj. though, although)
Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.
4) as a part of Complex Object (after verbs of sense perception or wish) / heard my name mentioned.
They found the door locked. I want this work done at once.
After the verbs "to have, to get" only Participle П is use. It shows that the action expressed by Participle П is not done by the person denoted by the subject but is done for the benefit of the person denoted by the subject.
I want to have my hair cut.
I want to have my photo taken.
You can get a dress made here.
In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used.
Why don’t you have your hair cut?
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
- is a predicative complex which consists of two elements, nominal and verbal, which are in a predicate relation. The nominal element is as noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative ease. The verbal element is Participle I in any of its forms or Participle II.
This construction is mainly used in fiction and scientific literature.
It is always marked by a comma.
This construction is always used as an adverbial modifier:
a) of time
The question being settled, they parted.
The work completed, he had three months' leave.
b) of condition
The weather being fine, we'll go for a walk.
c) of cause
The river having risen at night, the crossing was impossible.
d) of attending circumstances
She quickly went away, John silently following her.
She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully.
The Participle I of the verb " to be" may be omitted and then we have a construction without Participle I.
The lecture (being) over, we left the hall.
Everybody (being) at home, we set down to dinner.
He sat by fire, pipe in mouth, (a pipe being in his mouth)
The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction
This construction differs from the nominative absolute participle construction in that it is introduced by the preposition with.
The main syntactical function of the construction is that of an adverbial modifier of manner or attending circumstances.
And still she sat there with her hands lying loosely in front of her.
It is unhealthy to sleep with the window shut