Разработка_и_анализ_требований_практика

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 5 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐ. ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ȿɩɜɛɝɦɠɨɣɠ ɨɩɝɩɞɩ ɧɩɟɮɦɺ ɝ ɪɫɩɠɥɭ

fConnection.Connect; except

// ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ

ShowMessage('ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ');

//Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ freeandnil(fConnection);

//Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ fmMain.Close;

//Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

Application.Terminate;

//ȼɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ

Exit;

end; finally

// ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ini-ɮɚɣɥɨɦ

FreeAndNil(ini);

end;

// ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ–ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ

fStudents:=TStudents.Create(fConnection,fConnection.Transaction Object);

// ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ

dbgStudents.DataSource:=fStudents.DataSource;

//ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ fStudents.Select;

//ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɤɧɢɝɚɦɢ

fBooks:=TBook.Create(fConnection,fConnection.TransactionObj

ect);

// ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɧɢɝ

dbgBooks.DataSource:=fBooks.DataSource;

//ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ fBooks.Select;

//ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɧɢɝɚɦɢ

fStudentBook :=TStudentBook.Create(fConnection, fConnection.TransactionObject);

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 5 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐ. ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ȿɩɜɛɝɦɠɨɣɠ ɨɩɝɩɞɩ ɧɩɟɮɦɺ ɝ ɪɫɩɠɥɭ

// ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɦɢ

fStudents.OnAfterScroll:=StudentsAfterScroll;

//Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ fStudents.LoadCurrent;

//ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ

fStudentBook.fk_student:=fStudents.id;

//ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ fStudentBook.Select;

//ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ

dbgStudentsBook.DataSource:=fStudentBook.DataSource;

end;

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ TActionManager ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ OnExecute, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ.

ɉ ɪ ɢ ɦ ɟ ɪ ɪ ɟ ɚ ɥ ɢ ɡ ɚ ɰ ɢ ɢ ɫ ɨ ɛ ɵ ɬ ɢ ɹ O n E x e c u t e

Try

//Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ fStudents.LoadCurrent;

//ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ fmChangeStudent:=TfmChangeStudent.Create(Application);

with fmChangeStudent do begin

//Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ seNum.Value:=fStudents.Num; edFamily.Text:=fStudents.Family; edName.Text:=fStudents.Name; edSecondName.Text:=fStudents.SecondName;

//Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ TComboBox cbGroup.Items.AddStrings(fStudents.GroupList);

//ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ TComboBox cbGroup.ItemIndex:=cbGroup.Items.IndexOf(fStudents.Group);

end;

//ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɠɚɥ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɉɪɢɧɹɬɶ»

if fmChangeStudent.ShowModal=mrOk then begin

// Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ with fStudents do begin

Num:=fmChangeStudent.seNum.Value;

Family:=fmChangeStudent.edFamily.Text;

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 5 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐ. ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ȿɩɜɛɝɦɠɨɣɠ ɨɩɝɩɞɩ ɧɩɟɮɦɺ ɝ ɪɫɩɠɥɭ

Name:=fmChangeStudent.edName.Text;

SecondName:=fmChangeStudent.edSecondName.Text;

Group:=fmChangeStudent.cbGroup.Text; // ȼɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ

Update;

end;

end; finally

//ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ

FreeAndNil(fmChangeStudent);

end;

Ɍɩɰɫɛɨɠɨɣɠ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɛ

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɸ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ File Save All. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɣɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Students, Users, Library), ɮɚɣɥɵ ɮɨɪɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ fm (fmUser, fmBook, fmGroup), ɮɚɣɥɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ Class (ClassUser, ClassBook, ClassGroup).

ɂɛɟɛɨɣɠ

Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ Borland Developer Studio 2006 ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ». ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɋɍȻȾ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ FireBird, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.

Ʌɩɨɭɫɩɦɷɨɶɠ ɝɩɪɫɩɬɶ

1.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ?

2.ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Borland Developer Studio 2006.

3.Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ Developer Studio.

4.Ɍɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.

5.Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

6.Ɍɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.

7.Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ UML. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ

ɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.

8.Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ TDBGrid.

9.Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ TComboBox.

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 5 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐ. ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ǹǮǯǼǾǮȀǼǾǻǮȍ ǾǮǯǼȀǮ Ɋ 6 ǾdzǮǹǶǵǮȄǶȍ ǮǾȃǶȀdzǸȀȁǾȉ

ǻǮ ǯǮǵdz ǼǯȈdzǸȀǻǼ-ǾdzǹȍȄǶǼǻǻǼDZǼ ǼȀǼǯǾǮǴdzǻǶȍ ǿ ǻdzȀǶǽǶǵǶǾǼǰǮǻǻȉǺǶ ǼǯȈdzǸȀǮǺǶ

ɐɟɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:

ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ

ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɯ;

ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ Controller ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ;

ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ȻȾ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.

Ʌɫɛɭɥɣɠ ɭɠɩɫɠɭɣɲɠɬɥɣɠ ɬɝɠɟɠɨɣɺ

ɍɫɠɰɬɦɩɤɨɛɺ ɛɫɰɣɭɠɥɭɮɫɛ ɨɛ ɜɛɢɠ ɩɜɵɠɥɭɨɩ-ɫɠɦɺɱɣɩɨɨɩɞɩ ɩɭɩɜɫɛɡɠɨɣɺ

ɬ ɨɠɭɣɪɣɢɣɫɩɝɛɨɨɶɧɣ ɩɜɵɠɥɭɛɧɣ

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ» ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɥɨɝɢɤɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 6.1).

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 6 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɇȿɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

Ʌɫɛɭɥɣɠ ɭɠɩɫɠɭɣɲɠɬɥɣɠ ɬɝɠɟɠɨɣɺ

Ɋɢɫ. 6.1. Ɍɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɢɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

ɓɛɜɦɩɨɶ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ

Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ (patterns).

ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɬɚɤ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ. ɉɪɨɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ.

ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 6 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɇȿɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ɓɛɜɦɩɨɶ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧ – ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ «ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ/ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ», ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɲɚɛɥɨɧ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ: ɱɟɦ ɲɢɪɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ.

ɉɚɬɬɟɪɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ:

ɢɦɹ. ȼɫɟɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɵ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ. ɂɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ; ɡɚɞɚɱɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-

ɦɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ;

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɵ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Information Expert (ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ)

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ?

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɭ – ɤɥɚɫɫɭ,

ɭɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ Information Expert ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Expert ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 6 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɇȿɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ɓɛɜɦɩɨɶ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ

ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ɉɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ.

Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ «ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ» ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ

1.ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Expert ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.

2.ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Creator (ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ)

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. Ʉɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ?

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ȼ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Ⱥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ȼ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ Ⱥ; Ʉɥɚɫɫ ȼ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ Ⱥ;

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ȼ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ Ⱥ; Ʉɥɚɫɫ ȼ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ-

ɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ Ⱥ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ (ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ⱥ ɤɥɚɫɫ ȼ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ);

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ȼ – ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ⱥ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ȼ, ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Ⱥ.

ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 6 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɇȿɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ɓɛɜɦɩɨɶ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Creator ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ Creator ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ Expert. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɹɡɵɤɚ Java ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ Creator ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ (created) ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Low Coupling (ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ)

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ?

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ.

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (coupling) – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ «ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ» ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ) ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ:

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ;

ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ

ɅȺȻ. Ɋ. ʋ 6 ɊȿȺɅ-ə ȺɊɏ-ɕ ɇȺ ȻȺɁȿ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɇɈ-ɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɈȽɈ ɈɌɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɋ ɇȿɌɂɉɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɆɂ ɈȻɔȿɄɌȺɆɂ

ɓɛɜɦɩɨɶ ɪɫɩɠɥɭɣɫɩɝɛɨɣɺ

ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ.

ȼ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɟ Low Coupling ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɉɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Low Coupling ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.

ɒɚɛɥɨɧ Low Coupling ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȿɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Expert ɢ High Cohesion. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

ɉɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.

ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ: ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.

Ʉɪɚɣɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ Low Coupling ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ» ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ

1.ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ.

2.ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.

3.ɍɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.