Text 2 Setting up a business

If you want to set up a business under English law, the first question to consider is whether or not to form a limited company (or corporation). A corporation is a kind of artificial legal person, with the right to sue and be sued. It may consist of a single person, or several persons, but in each case it has a legal identity separate from these individuals. The members of a limited company have limited liability. This means that if the business has difficulties, the members can be made to pay its debts only up to a certain limit. Normally this limit is the amount unpaid on shares they hold (limited by shares), or the amount they have guaranteed to contribute to company assets (limited by guarantee). The company's liability itself is not limited; as long as the business has money or assets, creditors may sue. But they cannot sue the members as individuals beyond their stated limits. In Britain, a limited liability company has the word "limited" or the abbreviation "ltd." after its names. The equivalent to this kind of company can be found all over the world: for example Society Accreditee (SA) in France and Kabushiki Gaisha in Japan.

Certain very large companies are registered as public limited companies (PLC). They raise capital by selling shares to the general public, and these shares are listed on the Stock Exchange.

Selling shares is one of the ways in which companies raise capital. A share is ownership of a proportion of the company, and thus the right to a proportion of any profit it makes (dividend). Shareholders cannot insist on the payment of a dividend every year, since this is up to the directors to decide. But if they are dissatisfied with the management of the company, as members they have the right to remove the directors. The more shares a member holds, the more voting rights he will have in general meetings. Shares may be acquired when the company is first set up; or at a later share issue. Or they may be bought or received from an existing shareholder. Sometimes a company gives existing members the right to buy shares from another member before he is allowed to sell them to a new member. Each share is equal in value. But that value may be greater or less than the nominal value. For example, a member of a successful company who bought shares at $10 each may be able to sell them at a premium—perhaps $12 each. But he may also find that he has to sell them for less than their nominal value—at a discount. Sometimes a company issues shares at a premium: for example, it sells $10 shares at $15 each.

Another way for a company to raise capital is by issuing debentures, or bonds, in return for loans. Debentureholders are entitled to an annual payment of interest, and this is not linked to the company's profits and losses. In general, they have the right to sell their debentures back to the company (that is, call in their loan), or sell them on to someone else. If possible, the lender will make sure his loan is secured by a charge over a company asset, so that he will have the right to take company property should there be no money to repay him.

Exercise 2:

1. Decide whether the statements a,b,c are true of false:

a) A limited company may consist of one person only.

b) Limited companies cannot be sued.

c) Companies can be forced to sell off all their assets in order to pay debts.

2. Describe two ways in which a business may raise money.

3. Name three forms in which a business may be run under English law.

Exercise 3:

Complete the text by using the words in the box below.

agreements borrow corporations court debts dividends employees legal

legislation liability limited objectives partnership profits property

registered (2x) shareholders sole trader sue

A company is a legal entity, allowed by a)____________ , which permits a group of people, as b)_____________ , to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set c)________. It is empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individuals, such as the right to d)______________ and be sued, own e)___________, hire f)____________ or loan and g)______________ money. The primary advantage of company structure is that it provides the shareholders with a right to participate in the h)___________ , a proportionate distribution of profits made in the form of a money payment to shareholders, without any personal i)___________.

There are various forms of legal business entities ranging from the j____________, who alone bears the risk and responsibility of running a business, taking the profits, but as such not forming any association in law and thus not regulated by special rules of law, to the k)______________ company with l)______________ liability and to multinational m)______________.

In a n)______________, members ‘associate’, forming collectively an association in which they all participate in management and sharing o)____________, bearing the liability for the firm’s p)____________ and being sued jointly and severally in relation to the firm’s contracts or tortious acts.

Limited – liability companies, or corporations, unlike partnerships, are formed not simply by q)______________ entered into between their first members; they must also be r)_____________ at a public office or s)____________ designated by law or otherwise obtain official acknowledgement of their existence.

Exercise 4:

Translate into English:

Найбільш поширеним типом компаній у Великобританії є зареєстровані компанії , тобто компанії, зареєстровані відповідно до закону про компанії. Зареєстрована компанія є юридичною особою і може бути або відкритою компанією з обмеженою відповідальністю, або приватною компанією. Згідно з англійським законодавством Public Limited Company – це компанія із статутним фондом не менш 50 тис. фунтів стерлінгів (принаймні 12,5 тис. фунтів стерлінгів повинні бут оплачені), що має право вільно пропонувати свої акції населенню і зобов’язана публікувати необхідний обсяг інформації про свою діяльність. Відповідно до закону про компанії 1980 р. після назви такої компанії ставляться літери PLC. Діяльність таких компаній регулюється більш строго порівняно з діяльністю приватних компаній. У нашому законодавстві терміну Public Limited Company відповідає термін «Відкрите акціонерне товариство».