Exercise 3. Translate into English.

1. Я не позвонил ему, потому что думал, что он занят.

2. В школе я не любил учителя математики, потому что он все время придирался ко мне.

3. Уже двадцать лет, как я живу в этом доме.

4. Я уверен, что когда ты вернешься, они все еще будут жить в своей старой квартире.

5. Неужели ты не помнишь номер его телефона?

6. Тебе придется сказать нам, каковы твои планы на ближайшее будущее.

7. Они велели мне прийти ровно в пять часов.

8. Сильный снег шел уже около двух часов, когда мы вышли из дома.

9. К концу года цены на бензин снова вырастут.

10. Никто не помнил, кто начал этот разговор и как он превратился в ссору.

11. Она не знала, что будет делать, если он ее не встретит.

12. Она понятия не имела, сколько денег уже потратила и сколько еще может потратить.

13. Эксперты сказали, что ситуация в стране улучшится через два года.

14. Я не имею ни малейшего представления (the faintest idea) о чем вы говорите.

15. Она утверждала, что компьютер был в полном порядке, когда она пользовалась им в последний раз

Exercise 4. Choose the correct item.

1. Everything is going well. We ………. any problems so far. A. didn’t have B. don’t have C. haven’t had D. won’t have

2. You are leaving next week, ………. ? A. are you B. don’t you C. will you D. aren’t you

3. Does the offer you ………. last week still hold good?

A. have made B. would make C. made D. had made

4. When you ………. Dave, tell him he still owes me some money.

A. will see B. are seeing C. see D. are going to see

5. He ………. to India twice. A. was B. has been C. were D. have been

6. We ………. the shopping on Saturday last week. A. did B. have been doing C. were doing D. have done

7. This time next week they ………. their exam. A. are sitting B. will sit C. will have sat D. will be sitting

8. I ………. television a lot but I don’t any more. A. was watching B. used to watch C. was used to watch D. had watched

9. Rose ……… the party by the time we arrived. A. left B. had left C. has left D. would leave

10. The players are tired. They ………. for three hours. A. are training B. have been training C. trained D. were training

11. She ………. her holiday in Finland.

A. told me about B. said about C. said me about D. told about 12. If a person ………. his thumb up it means “It’s O.K.” both in Russia and America.

A. put B. puts C. will put D. have put

13. The number 1 bus ………. the terminal stop in three minutes. A. will leave B. leaves C. is leaving D. has left

14. She couldn’t tell us what she ………. the money on. A. spends B. had spent C. spent D. did spend

15. He’s going to be nominated to receive The Academy Award for best director,……?

A. won’t he B. didn’t he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he

16. This time last month I ………. for the exam. A. studied B. was studying C. am studying D. study

17. We are good friends. We ………. each other for a long time. A. have known B. know C. have been knowing D. knew

18. The traffic warden said we ………. park the outside the bank. A. were not able to B. didn’t have to C. mustn’t D. can’t

19. Let’s go away for the weekend, ………. ?

A. have we B. shall we C. don’t we D. will we 20. The man next door disappeared six months ago. He ………. since then. A. wasn’t seen B. doesn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hasn’t been seen 21. By the time we got there the rain ………. . A. was stopped B. stopped C. would stop D. had stopped

22. Will you take the dog for a walk if you ………. home early? A. got B. will get C. is getting D. get

23. Mary has a white sports car, ………. she? A. is not B. does not C. has not D. do not

24. He asked where he ………. put the box.

A. shall B. may C. will D. should

25. We ………. a party next Saturday. Can you come?

A. are to have B. are having C. have D. will have

26. Alcatraz, in San Francisco Bay, ………. a prison.

A. was using to be B. use to be C. used to be D. was used to being

27. Pieter Bruegel the Elder ………. “The Tower of Babel” in 1563.

A. painted B. has painted C. has been painting D. has been painted

28. Britain ………. the Napoleonic Wars for six years when income tax was introduced in 1799.

A. had been fighting B. had fought C. was fighting D. fought

29. He wore his hair in a ponytail, ……….? A. doesn’t he B. didn’t he C. wasn’t he D. hadn’t he 30. His French won’t improve unless he ………. more. A. will study B. will be studying C. studies D. studied

31. Last night police said that they ………. the missing girl.

A. had found B. have found C. find D. were finding

32. It’s the most exciting film ………. . A. I’ve never seen B. I’ve ever seen C. I ever saw D. I had seen

33. By next August, I ………. my exams and I’ll be ready for a holiday. A. will have been finishing B. am finishing C. will be finishing D. will have finished

34. I ………. to the radio. You can turn it off.

A. don’t listen B. didn’t listen C. wasn’t listening D. am not listening

35. ………. for a living? - I’m an engineer.

A. What do you do B. How do you do C. What are you doing D. How are you doing

36. J. Edger Hoover ………. as director of the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972.

A. has served B. served C. had served D. was serving

37. You are having an operation next week, ………. ? A. aren’t you B. don’t you C. won’t you D. isn’t it

38. I’ll pass this exam if I ………. .

A. hardly work B. will work hardly C. will work hard D. work hard

39. Since her operation, her health ………. day by day.

A. improved B. will improve C. has improved D. has been improving

40. I’m looking for Jim. ………. him?

A. Did you see B. Do you see C. Have you see D. Are you seeing

41. Shall I take your letters to the post office? ………. there anyway.

A. I’ll have gone B. I’ll be going C. I will go D. I’ll have been going

42. I ………. one of my special desserts for dinner, if you like.

A. make B. am going to make C. will make D. am making

43. Lesley said she ………. in London all her life.

A. lived B. had been living C. was living D. has lived

44. The judge asked the witness ………. give more information.

A. him that he B. if he could C. that he could D. him whether

45. Why, you’re not ready yet! What ………. ?

A. did you do B. have you done C. were you doing D. have you been doing

46. I didn’t recognize him. He ………. a lot.

A. had changed B. changed C. has changed D. would change

47. According to the programme, the show ……….. at 9 o’clock prompt.

A. shall start B. starts C. starting D. is start

48. .……… to John’s party on Saturday – do you want to come?

A. I go B. I will go C. I’ll have gone D. I’m going

49. By then I ………. my driving test, I hope.

A. pass B. have passed C. will be passed D. will have passed

50. Ian ………. in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London.

A. lived B. has lived C. was living D. has been living

51. I ………. this letter for around four days and I even haven’t looked at it.

A. have been carrying B. carry C. am carrying D. was carrying

52. Don’t worry ………. late tonight.

A. if I am B. when I am C. when I’ll be D. if I’ll be

53. ………. a car when they were living in London?

A. Had they B. Did they have C. Were they having D. Have they had

54. Anorexia Nervosa is a serious eating disorder that ………. medical treatment.

A. requiring B. requires C. have required D. is requiring

55. She works ………. than me.

A. more harder B. more hardly C. much harder D. much hard

56. If Jack phones I ………. you know.

A. am going to let B. let C. am letting D. will let

57. Something extremely strange ………. yesterday while we were out jogging.

A. was happened B. happened C. has been happening D. has happened

58. Don’t interrupt me ………. I’m talking.

A. while B. by the time C. until D. after

59. More and more people ………. into old age and it’s a serious social problem.

A. live B. are living C. have been living D. have lived

60. She said she ………. to me but she didn’t.

A. will have written B. will write C. would have written D. would write

Exercise 5. Read the following sample composition.

An examination and an interview

I am going to write about an examination and an interview which I had to take so that I could go to university. When I was in my last year at school, I decided that I wanted to study English at the University of Cambridge. The examination, which lasted for three days, consisted of five examination papers and an interview. My English teacher, who knew all about the examination, warned me that it would be very difficult. She suggested that I should give up the other things that I was doing so that I could spend all my time preparing for the examination. It was a pity I had to give up my jazz group, but I agreed. I promised her I would work as hard as possible.

In December I went to Cambridge for three days. I travelled to Cambridge by train the day before the examination. When I reached Cambridge I went to the college where the examination was to take place. I was given a room which belonged to a university student who was on holiday. The room was full of interesting things. As I sat in the room I felt that I was already a university student myself. Then I remembered that I had not passed my entrance examination yet – I had not even taken it.

At dinner that evening I chatted to some of the young people who had come to take the entrance examination. I am sure we all felt very anxious but we all pretended we were not worried about the examination. That evening as I went to bed I felt sure the other candidates were better than me and that I would not pass the examination.

Next morning I did not eat any breakfast because I felt very nervous. I went straight to the examination room so that I would not be late. I thought the first two papers were very difficult and I doubted I would pass. I felt sure that the other candidates had done better than me. On the second day I had my interview with a lecturer. I was very anxious that the lecturer would ask me questions which I could not answer. But as soon as I went into the room I realized he was very friendly. He suggested I tell him about the poets I was interested in. It was obvious that he wanted me to feel relaxed. We had a very interesting discussion which lasted for about half an hour. Afterwards, I felt confident that I had done well. I felt much more confident that I could answer the remaining two examination papers well.

At the end of three days I was very pleased that the examinations were finished. I hoped the results would come quickly so that I could stop worrying. Two weeks later I received a letter which informed me that I had passed and that I could study at Cambridge.

Write an essay about your entrance examinations and your studying at the Institute .Use the following key words and phrases.

to study 1) учиться в высшем учебном заведении (to be a student)

He is studying at London University.

2) изучать

“Which subjects are you studying (doing) at college?”

“I’m studying (doing) history and economics.

to go to school (to be at school) учиться в школе

to be getting on (doing) well at хорошо учиться, делать успехи, успевать

school/college/university How’s she getting on (doing) at college?

He is getting on very well at university.

She is not doing very well at college.

to be good (better) at быть способным, успевать

I have never been good at languages.

the humanities (the arts, the arts гуманитарные науки

subjects)

the sciences (science, science естественные науки

subjects)

to apply to подавать документы, поступать

He applied to Liverpool University and was accepted.

an applicant абитуриент

There were three applicants for every place.

to get in (to) поступить

He got in St. Petersburg State University to the faculty of psychology.

a fresher первокурсник (a first-year student)

tuition fees плата за обучение

Tuition fees at Stanford have now reached 9000 a year.

to hold an examination проводить экзамен

The university holds an entrance examination in July.

to take (to sit, to do) an сдавать экзамен

examination Students will sit a two-hour examination at the end of the year.

to pass/fail an examination сдать/не сдать экзамен

If she passes the entrance exam, she’ll go to university in October.

to resit an examination пересдавать экзамен

to revise for an exam/test готовиться к экзамену/тесту, повторять пройденное I have to revise for my English test tomorrow.

Have you revised the work we did last term?

revision (for an examination) подготовка (к экзамену), повторение пройденного

I can’t go out – I’ve got to do some revision for my exams.

term семестр (the first/second/third) term

What classes are you taking this term?

Most universities and colleges in England have terms of approximately ten weeks.

a lecture (in/on) лекция (lectures in History, a lecture on Dickens)

a seminar (on) семинар (a seminar on marketing)

to give a lecture/seminar читать лекцию, проводить семинар

to go to lectures/seminars посещать лекции, семинары

to miss lectures пропускать лекции

I’m sorry I missed the lecture. I had to go to the dentist.

You’ve missed too many lectures this term.

a project курсовая работа

Students must give in their projects by April 30^th.

a supervisor научный руководитель

work placement практика

to undertake work placement проходить практику

1. Part II Tenses in the PASSive voice

Страдательный залог употребляется в тех случаях, когда не само лицо или предмет, являющиеся подлежащим предложения, выполняют действия, а наоборот, являются объектами этого действия, т.е. действия направлены на них.

В английском языке страдательный залог употребляется гораздо чаще, чем в русском. Исполнитель действия, как правило, не указывается: English is spoken all over the world. Мы часто употребляем страдательный залог в тех случаях, когда исполнитель действия либо неизвестен, либо нас больше интересует сам факт совершения действия, а не его исполнитель:

My car was stolen last night. (I don’t know, who stole the car).

Sarah has been invited to the party. (In this sentence we are interested in Sarah, not who invited her).

Образование страдательного залога.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. Времена страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога.

В страдательном залоге нет формы Future Continuous. Отсутствуют в страдательном залоге также все формы времён группы Perfect Continuous. Вместо Present Perfect Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous употребляются Present Perfect и Past Perfect Passive.

The question has been discussed for 2 hours.

План обсуждается уже 2 часа.

I was told that the stadium had been built for 2 years.

Мне сказали, что стадион строится уже 2 года.

При сравнении параллельных предложений в действительном и страдательном залогах видно, что дополнение предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в страдательном.

Active: Someone locks the office every evening.

Passive: The office is locked every evening.

Active: Someone has invited Sarah to the party.

Passive: Sarah has been invited to the party.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.

Use the present simple passive of the verbs in the box.

use play destroy speak export make

Example: Bread is made from wheat.

Football ____ all over the world.

Millions of cars ____ from Japan every year.

A compass _____ for showing direction.

How many languages _____ in Switzerland?

Millions of trees _____ by pollution every year.

Use the past simple passive of the verbs in the box.

discover invent play assassinate paint build

Example: President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.

The 1990 World Cup for soccer _____ in Italy

When _____ television _____?

The first pyramids of Egypt _____ around 3000 BC.

Penicillin _____ by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) ___ by Leonardo da Vinci.

Use the present continuous or present perfect passive of the verbs in the box.

not sign examine still prepare question redecorate decide

Example: Wait a little, your food is still being prepared.

Where is Harry? He _____ by the police about the accident.

A lot of meetings have been held, but nothing _____ yet.

For the past few days I have been working in Jack’s office, as my own office _____.

The last two students _____ now.

I’m afraid you’ll have to come tomorrow. The document _____ by the president of the board.

d) Use the past continuous or past perfect passive of the verbs in the box.

not invite clean sell repair interview steal

Example: I couldn’t wear my suit last Saturday. It was being cleaned.

When I got back to the car park my car wasn’t there. It _____.

We couldn’t use the photocopier this morning. It _____.

By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They _____.

We didn’t go to the party on Saturday because we _____.

The man admitted stealing the money while he _____ by the police.

Exercise 2. Choose the most suitable tense.

The new house hasn’t been finished / wasn’t finished yet.

The robbers were arrested / have been arrested as soon as they left the bank.

Sue told us her baby is born / had been born two weeks earlier than expected.

If there is too much snow, the match has been cancelled / will be cancelled.

By the time we got there, the rain had stopped / had been stopped.

When were you told / have you been told about the new rules?

Most of the passengers were rescuing / were rescued.

He will have undergone / will undergo surgery by Tuesday this week.

The winning horse was ridden / was riding by Pat Murphy.

I looked again for the old man, but he was vanished / had vanished.

I don’t think that you will be asked / are being asked to show your passport.

The baby has been looked after / had been looked after by Dr. Young before he retired.

Exercise 3. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable passive tense.

Example: I’m sorry, madam, but this carpet (already sell) has already been sold.

The old house on the corner (knock down) _____ last year.

Good news! I (ask) _____ to take over as the new managing director.

All complaints about products (deal with) _____ by our customer services department.

You (not send) _____ any money until next month.

She arrived an hour late but it was all right as the meeting (cancel) _____.

Several new halls of residence now (put up) _____ on our campus.

It (announce) _____ yesterday that the government had decided not to raise income tax.

The economic improvement (feel) _____ in the country by this time next year.

I’m afraid that nothing (hear) _____ from Jane since she left two months ago.

The Government says, that tax reforms (introduce) ______ in the new year.

He was getting the best treatment in the hospital, and he (monitor) _____ day and night.

The news (broadcast) _____ every day from 6 am to midnight.

When we got home we realized the house (burgle) _____ .

Most people agree that America (not discover) _____ by Christopher Columbus.

The staff meeting (just postpone) _____ as the principle has fallen ill.

By November 30 a new government (elect) _____ .

A new security system (install) _____ in all our offices in the next few weeks.

At this very moment the suspect (interview) _____ by the police.

Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using “they”, “we”, “people”, “somebody”, “nobody” write a corresponding passive sentence.

1. They have already frozen all new applications for car loans.

2. We will send successful candidates a letter inviting them to attend a second interview.

3. People were watching the game outside the stadium on a huge screen.

4. Nobody informed the college that there had been a mistake.

5. They provide over one hundred scholarships for students every year.

6. Somebody has described Keith Jones as the world’s greatest guitarist.

7. We will refund your money if you are not satisfied.

8. They demolished the building in only two days.

9. They will have completed the renovations to the house by the end of the month.

10. They are making a film about Indian tigers.

11. People have accused the local council of corruption.

12. They discuss important subjects every lunchtime.

13. Somebody left this purse in the classroom yesterday.

14. They will move your car if your leave it there.

15. Nobody has painted this house for ten years.

16. By the time we arrive they had solved the problem.

17. People are drinking more coffee than tea these days.

18. They questioned the suspect until she broke down and confessed.

Exercise 5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word in bold and other words. Use between two and five words.

William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11^th century.

by

The castle _____ William the Conqueror in the 11^th century.

The police were following the suspects.

were

The suspects _____ police.

No one has seen Peter since the day of the party.

been

Peter _____ the day of the party.

She was wearing leather gloves.

of

The gloves she was wearing _____ leather.

Mark’s main rival beat him in the final.

beaten

Mark _____ by his main rival.

A mechanical breakdown caused the delay.

by

The delay _____ a mechanical breakdown.

Why did nobody tell me about the accident?

not

Why _____ about the accident?

Who invented the mobile phone?

was

Who ______ by?

Mr. Hopkins is the owner of that blue Toyota.

by

That blue Toyota _____ Mr. Hopkins.

Smith Ltd. supply our company with furniture.

supplied

Our company ______ by Smith Ltd.

11. They ordered a new photocopier last Tuesday.

was

A new ______ last Tuesday.

12. The Mayor is opening the new sports centre at 11 am tomorrow.

being

The new sports centre ______ the Mayor at 11 am tomorrow.

13. Have you checked the prices of the items yet.

been

Have the prices ______ yet?

14. The court ordered him to pay a fine of $100.

was

He _______ a fine of $100 by the court.

15. They are painting the doors at the moment.

are

The doors ______ at the moment.

16. They have redecorated their house twice already.

has

Their house ______ twice already.

Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps in this letter with an appropriate active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.

Dear Julie,

Well, I arrived safely … but my luggage didn’t! After many enquiries I found that it ………… (send) to Finland instead of England! Apparently, it ………… (label) wrongly at check-in. Anyway, it finally ………… (arrive) three days ago, and other than that, I ……… (have) a great time ever since I arrived.

The people I am staying with are very nice and I ………… (already/show) all the local tourist sites. I ………… (treat) exactly like one of the family and I ………… (introduce) to all their friends. I share a room with Penny, the daughter in the family, who is my age. It’s amazing … every morning we …………. (wake up) by her mother with a cup of tea! Yesterday (Sunday), we ………… (even/give) breakfast in bed!

Today was my first day at my new language school. When I arrived, I ………… (take) to a special room where we ………… (welcome) by the Director. He ………… (explain) what was going to happen and who all the staff were. Then we ………… (go) to a large room where we ……… (give) a test to do. It was quite difficult, but it was soon over and then we ………… (have) an interview with a teacher who ………… (check) our spoken English. As we ………… (leave) we ………… (hand) a form to fill in with all our personal details and we ………… (tell) to arrive early tomorrow to give us time to find our new classes. In the afternoon we ………… (take) on a guided tour of the city by bus which was very interesting.

I’m really looking forward to tomorrow when we ………… (put) in our new classes.

I don’t know yet what level I’ll be in – apparently we ………… (tell) when we arrive tomorrow. At the same time we ………… (give) the various books that we need for the course. It’s all quite exciting! I just hope I like my teacher!

Love,

Rosario

Особенности употребления страдательного залога.

Страдательный залог с предлогами by и with. Если говорится о том, кем совершается действие, выраженное страдательным оборотом, то употребляется предлог by + agent (исполнитель действия).

I was hit by a burglar

Если речь идет не об исполнителе, а об орудии, инструменте или веществе , при помощи которого совершается действие, то употребляется предлог with + instrument (or material or ingredient)

I was hit on the head with a hammer.

Irish coffee is made with whisky.

Если необходимо выяснить кем или при помощи чего выполнено действие, то вопросительное предложение начинается с вопросительных слов who или what, а предлоги by и with ставятся в конце предложения.

These photos were taken by my sister. Who were the photos taken by?

These photos were taken with a cheap camera. What were the photos taken with?

Exercise 7. Put in the propositions by and with.

1. She was surrounded ….. an admiring crowd.

2. The houses were surrounded ….. barbed wire fences.

3. Injured refugees were treated ….. a Red Cross doctor.

4. Sue has been picked ….. selectors for the national team.

5. The new shopping centre was opened ….. the local MP.

6. Two birds can’t be killed ….. one stone.

7. The road had been blocked ….. a fallen tree.

8. The message was written in the sand ….. a stick.

9. Thirty houses were destroyed ….. the tornado.

10. Several new proposals are being considered ….. the committee.

11. The room had been decorated ….. balloons.

12. The streets were jammed ….. cars.

13. The window was broken ….. a slate that fell off the roof.

14. Hell is paved ….. good intentions.

15. The huge stadium was slowly being filled ….. the crowd.

16. The little boat was overturned ….. a huge wave.

Exercise 8. Rewrite these questions in the passive.

1. When did they appoint Richard chairman?

2. Who invented the first radio?

3. Will they publish her new book next month?

4. Had they informed the police about the accident?

5. Who wrote “Macbeth”?

6. How much money did they steal?

7. Will Charles water the plants?

8. What damaged the roof of your house?

9. Who frightened you?

10. When did they deliver the goods?

11. What did they treat you with in the hospital?

12. Will they have completed the motorway by Christmas?

13. Has anyone seen Chris this morning?

14. When will they send the e-mail?

15. Did they show the fire on the news?

16. Who decorated your Christmas tree?

17. When did the wind blow down the tree?

18. Did the news about the exam distress Sydney?

2. Страдательный залог, образующийся при помощи вспомогательного глагола get.

Иногда вместо глагола be для образования страдательного залога используется глагол get.

There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)

I don’t often get invited to parties. (= I’m not often invited).

I’m surprised Ann didn’t get offered the job. (... Ann wasn’t offered the job).

Глагол get используется в тех случаях, когда действие происходит случайно или неожиданно и характерно главным образом для разговорного языка.

Глагол get используется также в сочетаниях get married, get divorced, get dressed, get changed, которые совпадают со страдательным залогом лишь по форме.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences using get/got + one of these verbs (in the correct form):

ask run over break damage frighten choose hurt pay steal sting stop cut off

There was a fight at the party but nobody ….. .

Ted ______ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.

How did that window _____ ?

We ….. in the middle of the call.

I used to have a bicycle but it _____ .

Last night I _____ by the police as I was driving home.

How much did you _____ last month?

Please pack these things very carefully. I don’t want them to _____.

People often want to know what my job is. I often _____ that question.

My dog _____ by a removal van.

I always _____for the unpleasant jobs.

They _____ by a sudden explosion.

Особенности употребления страдательного залога глаголов, принимающих два дополнения.

В английском языке существует ряд глаголов, принимающих два дополнения: прямое и косвенное:

We gave the police the information. (= We gave the information to the police.)

(косвенное) (прямое)

Такие глаголы могут образовывать два страдательных оборота: один с прямым дополнением в роли подлежащего, а другой - с косвенным:

The police were given the information. The information was given to the police.

Поскольку подлежащим страдательного оборота чаще является лицо, а не предмет страдательный оборот с косвенным дополнением в роли подлежащего является более употребительным.

I was offered the job but refused it.

You will be given plenty of time to decide.

Have you been shown the new machine?

The men were paid $200 to do the work.

К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, с которыми возможны такие обороты, относятся: to award, to give, to grant, to lend, to offer, to pay, to promise, to send, to show, to tell, to teach.

Exercise 10. Rewrite the following active sentences using two passive forms, making the underlined words the subject. Omit the agent if it is not necessary.

Example: The company sent him a letter. He was sent a letter by the company.

A letter was sent to him by the company.

1. They have shown him the way to the station.

2. They give each student a certificate on successful completion of the course.

3. The Credit Bank lent me two thousand pounds in 2008.

4. He offered me a very good job but I turned it down.

5. They will pay the workers $150 every Friday.

6. Father promised Mike a new car.

7. Jane taught him all the English he knows.

8. They’ve sent me a whole lot of junk mail.

9. Somebody will give you the questions a week before the exam.

10. One of his uncles had taught him maths.

11. Someone is sending him threatening letters.

12. After graduation they awarded him a scholarship to do research.

Примечание: Глаголы to explain, to announce, to dictate, to suggest, to describe, to repeat, to point out могут использоваться только в пассивных конструкциях типа: something is (was, will be) explained to somebody, it is (was, will be) announced (to somebody) that, it was explained (to somebody) where (when, how).

Действительному обороту He explained the problem to me в английском языке соответствует только один страдательный оборот: The problem was explained to me. Оборот I was explained the problem невозможен.

Ей объяснили, как добраться до станции.

It was explained to her how to get to the station.

4. Особенности употребления страдательного залога глаголов, имеющих предложное дополнение.

Большое число глаголов в английском языке может сочетаться с дополнением, имеющим предлог. Когда такое дополнение становится подлежащим страдательного оборота, предлог сохраняет свое место после глагола.

Everybody will laugh at you if you tell this story.

You will be laughed at if you tell this story.

She looked after our pets well.

Our pets were well looked after.

Ряд глаголов употребляется с предлогом как в английском, так и в русском языках.

При переводе страдательных оборотов с такими глаголами с английского языка на русский предлог ставится перед местоимением или существительным, которое было подлежащим английского предложения.

At school he was often laughed at.

В школе над ним часто смеялись.

He was looked at with great suspicion.

На него смотрели с большим подозрением.

Некоторые часто употребляемые глаголы с предлогом переводятся на русский язык переходными глаголами (без предлогов).

His speech was listened to very attentively.

Его речь слушали очень внимательно

The problem of unemployment wasn’t touched upon.

Проблема безработицы не была затронута.

К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, которые требуют предложное дополнение, относятся:

to account for объяснять что-либо

to agree upon договориться о

to arrive at приходить к; достигать (соглашения)

to deal with касаться, рассматривать

to depend on зависеть от

to dispose of избавляться от

to hear of услышать о ком-либо

to insist on настаивать на

to interfere with вмешиваться во что-либо, мешать

to laugh at смеяться над

to listen to слушать

to look at смотреть на

to look after присматривать за

to look for искать

to read to читать кому-либо

to refer to ссылаться на

to rely on полагаться на

to speak about говорить о

to speak to говорить с кем-либо

to send for посылать за

to touch on (upon) затрагивать, касаться вкратце (вопроса)

to wait for ждать

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The changes taking place are not easily accounted for. 2. Optimal conditions were agreed upon. 3. He assured us that our luggage would be looked after. 4. Have the proper officials been sent for? 5. A number of important subjects have not been dealt with in detail. 6. His book is referred to by all those who work at this problem. 7. After many hours’ talk the decision was arrived at. 8. I’m sure this arrangement will be insisted on. 9. The new discovery is being much spoken about. 10. The problem must be dealt with before it got talked about.

Exercise 12. Change the sentences from active to passive. Prepositions must not be left out.

1. Somebody reads to the old lady every evening. 2. People will laugh at you if you wear these jeans. 3. A car has run over their dog. 4. She will look after the little girl well. 5. Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before. 6. My watch is fast, we cannot rely upon it. 7. We must dispose of this garbage as soon as possible. 8. People shouted at the Prime Minister during his speech. 9. The secretary referred me to the manager. 10. People speak much about this film.

5. Особенности перевода страдательного залога, образованного от английских переходных глаголов, которым в русском языке соответствуют глаголы, требующие предлога.

В английском языке имеется ряд глаголов, которые требуют прямое (беспредложное) дополнение, в то время как в русском языке им соответствуют глаголы, требующие после себя предлога. При переводе страдательных оборотов с такими глаголами предлог ставится перед словом, которое является подлежащим английского предложения:

The operation was watched by many young surgeons.

За операцией наблюдало много молодых хирургов.

She had been deeply affected by her parents' divorce.

На нее очень подействовал развод родителей.

Запомните следующие глаголы:

to affect влиять на

to answer отвечать на

to attend присутствовать на

to enjoy получать удовольствие от

to follow следовать (следить) за

to join присоединяться к

to influence влиять на

to succeed следовать за

to watch наблюдать за

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The meeting was attended by thousands of people. 2. The football game was watched with great interest. 3. The prices of all goods imported into Russia were affected by the devaluation of the ruble. 4. This statement was followed by a long discussion. 5. Almost at the end of the route we were joined by another group of tourists.

Особенности перевода фразеологических сочетаний типа to take care of.