- •III. Исправление работы на основе рецензий
- •IV. Подготовка к экзаменам
- •Контрольное задание №1
- •Вариант № 1
- •I. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на особенности модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
- •II. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на видовременную форму и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык:
- •III. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест по тексту: The Microwave Oven
- •Тест по тексту
- •3.1. At first the microwave oven was used in places where ….
- •B) fast food had to be cooked
- •Вариант № 2
- •I. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на особенности модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
- •II. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на видовременную форму и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык:
- •III. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест по тексту: mechanical properties of materials
- •Тест по тексту
- •3.1. All materials respond to external forces … .
- •B) by elastic deformation
- •Контрольное задание № 2
- •Вариант № 1
- •I. Выпишите предложения в которых инфинитив является обстоятельством и переведите их на русский язык.
- •II. Выпишите предложения, содержащие герундий и переведите их на русский язык.
- •III. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест по тексту: Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
- •Тест по тексту
- •Вариант № 2
- •I. Выпишите предложения в которых инфинитив является обстоятельством и переведите их на русский язык.
- •II. Выпишите предложения, содержащие герундий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
- •III. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест по тексту: automated production lines
- •Тест по тексту
- •Т е к с т ы д л я ч т е н и я
- •1. Semi-conductor
- •2. Automation
- •3. Agricultural mashinery
- •Implements for Growing Crops
- •4. Electrical and electronics engineering
- •5. Hardware
- •Input hardware
- •Processing hardware
2. Automation
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.
3. Agricultural mashinery
Implements for Growing Crops
Many types of implements have been developed for the activities involved in growing crops. These activities include breaking ground, planting, weeding, fertilizing, and combating pests.
Ground is broken by ploughs to prepare the seed-bed. A plough consists of a blade-like ploughshare that cuts under, then lifts, turns, and pulverizes the soil. Modern tractor ploughs are usually equipped with two or more ploughshares so that a wide area of ground can be broken at a single sweep. Harrows are used to smooth the ploughed land and sometimes to cover seeds and fertilizer with earth. The disc harrow, which has curved, sharp-edged steel discs, is used mainly to cut up crop residues before ploughing and to bury weeds during seedbed preparation. Rollers with V-shaped wheels break up clods of soil to improve the aeration of the soil and its capacity for taking in water.
Some cereal crops are still planted by broadcasting seeds — that is, by scattering the seeds over a wide area. Machines for broadcasting usually consist of a long seed-box mounted on wheels and equipped with an agitator to distribute the seeds. Broadcast seeds are not always covered by a uniform or sufficient depth of soil, so seeding is more often done with drills, which produce continuous furrows of uniform depth. Specialized implements called planters are necessary for sowing crops that are planted in rows, such as maize. Maize planters and other similar machines have a special feed wheel that picks up small quantities of grain or separate kernels and places them in the ground.
Fertilizer can be distributed during the winter or shortly before seeding time. Commercial fertilizers are commonly distributed, along with seeds, by drills and planters. Manure is distributed most efficiently by a manure spreader, which is a wagon equipped with a bottom conveyor to carry the fertilizer back to a beater attachment, which disintegrates it and then scatters it on the ground.
After crops have begun to grow, a cultivator is used to destroy weeds and loosen and aerate the soil. A flame weeder, which produces a hot-air blast, can be used to destroy weeds growing around crops, such as cotton, that have stems of tough bark. The weeds are vulnerable to the hot air, but the tough stems protect the crops from damage. Chemical herbicides applied in the form of a spray or as granules are used extensively for weed control.
Insecticides for pest control arc applied to soil and crops in the form of granules, dust, or liquid sprays. A variety of mechanical spraying and dusting equipment is used to spread chemicals on crops and fields; the machinery may be self-powered, or drawn and powered by a tractor. In areas where large crops of vegetables and grain are grown, aircraft are sometimes used to dust or spray pesticides.
Chemical pesticides are used in nearly all farming operations undertaken in developed countries. However, increasing concern over the harmful effects that pesticides may have on the environment has led to the use of alternative forms of pest control. For example, farmers use crop rotation to prevent pests that feed on a certain crop. Also, certain pests are controlled by introducing an organism that damages or kills the pests, but leaves the crops unharmed. Finally, some crops are being genetically engineered to be more resistant to pests.