Вариант 4

I, Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждой из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a)i.Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2.The problem of the structure of matter is constanly occupying the Binds of many scientists.

6)1.Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.

2.Many compounds can be decomposed wehn they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

II.Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них,

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т.е. дкавите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1.Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes Soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2.Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3.The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

4.Hhile borbarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface the surface of the earth.

111.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык,

1.Heat can be divided into three different types.

2.A great number of plastics should find their appli­cations in the electrical industry.

3.Chemical means had to be used for the separation of com­pounds into their elements.

4.The existense of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

IU.Перепишите и переведите письменно.

TEXT A

The basic unit of time used in both the English and the metric systems is the second, the latter equals 1/60 x 1/60 x 1/24 = 1/86,400 of a mean solar day. That is не divide the mean solar day into 86.400 equal parts to get the unit used to measure time, namely 1 second.

Basing a concept such as time on the laws of physics. we cannot be sure that these 'laws are absolutely correct. For example, suppose the speed of light is slowly in­creasing with time. This would then cause a change in some of our standards of length and time. So far there is no experimental evidence that any of the universal phy­sical constants are changing with time, but this does not rule out the possibility of a very slow change beyond the accuracy of present measurements.

Being also a physical concept mass must be defined in

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terms of certain laws of physics. In the metric system the unit of mass war originally defined as the amount of mass contained in 1 cc (cubic centimeter) of water (at a specified temperature and pressure),this a mount of mass is called the gram. Thus the density of water is conveniently one gram per cubic centimeter.

TEXT В

The number of пен products coming into the market of western countries every year is overwhelming. The major part of these products is not new, but adaptations. It means that these products are not new, they are-existing items to which modification has been made. Only few products are really original or innovations. For instance a clock-television is an adaptation, but TU-set itself, the refrigerator - each was an innovation. A great number of innovations and adaptations are designed, produced and marketed by small businesses. Uery often a new product is formed on the basis of the new business, Sometimes there is a patent to make the business more successful. But it happens very often that market researh hasn't been done carefully.

Even in case larger scale producert do more research and testing there is no sure success. A promising new product may be also robbed of success by unreasonable prices, inadequate promotion and poor selling methods. Generally less than one fifth of all new products turn out to be profitable.

Вариант 5

Перепишите следующие предложения подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a)1.Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2.Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 Seconds each century.

6)1.The chemical properties of an element are determined

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by the orbiting electrons.

2.As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

11.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle

I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The cloud chamber (камера Вильсона) is one of the de­vices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

2.Matter consists of one or a number of basis elements occurring in nature.

З.Оnе can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

4.When hearted to a certain temperature, this alloy in­creases in volume.

III.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения пе­реведите.

1.We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2.A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3.Neu types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

4.To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.

IU.Перепишите и переведите письменно.

TEXT A

Kinematic.

Kinematics is the branch of physics which describes motion with respect to speed time and distance, the nature of the particle or object whose notion is under study being not specified. So, in kinematics we concern ourselves primarily with three physical quantities: 1)the distance between two positions: 2)speed. i.e. how fast a continuous change of position takes place;3)the

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tine it takes place;3)the time it takes to get from one position (point, location) to another. Kinematics is not concerned with either the Bass of a moving particle or forces with either the mass of a moving particle or forces producing change of speed. Motion is defined in physics as continuous change of position. We destribe notion from one position to another in ferns of the distance moved and the time it takes to go from one position to another. He describe speed as amount of change of position per unit time, the amount of change of position is measured in units off length (distance).Generally, the word "per" indicates division, the mathematical definition of speed is v= d/t - or in other words speed is the distance travelled per unit time. The speedometer reads instantaneous velocity of a car in mph (miles per hour).

TEXT В

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from produ­cers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand. a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing ope­rations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar, The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shop­ping centres has made goods available to consumers. it provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of par­king facilities.

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Контрольная работа N3.

Вариант 1.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения,определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.Пере­ведите предложения на русский язык.

1.When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2.Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3.Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

П.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на рус­ский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it. that,one.

1.It is proved that light needs time to travel any dis­tance.

2.One must take part in scientific work.

3.Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

III.Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.

2.This material does not possess elastic properties.

3.Scientists had to create new materials for industry.

Перепишите и письменно переведите текст A - для техничес­ких специальностей, текст В - для экономических специаль­ностей.

TEXT A.

Projection Radar.

ft marine radar system which presents information in the form of a bright, stable picture,27 inches in diameter en a flat, paper-covered surface Suitable for plotting is being produced by a British fire. In the system, called 'Photoplot', the basic radar information is displayed in the normal way on a CRT. The display is photographed en a special 16-mm film, processed in a few seconds, then pro-

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Company formation

The money needed to start a business is called capital. If a person does not have enough capital he may borrow some from the bank in the form of a loan. Before the bank will give a loan he must put up some security (such as his house) in case he cannot pay back the money. Security is also called collateral. If a business owned by one man (a sole proprietor) runs into trouble, the owner is liable to pay all the debts to his creditors, even if he has to sell his private possessions. A sole proprietor is personally liable to his creditors.

Words to help:

1. to put up security -обеспечить гарантии;

2. in case - в случае;

3. collateral - гарантия;

4. a sole proprietor — единоличный собственник;

5. to run into trouble - попасть в беду;

6. to be liable - быть обязанным, ответственным;

7. possessions - собственность.

Company formation

All the investors in a limited company have limited liability. Investment in a limited company is in the form of shares. Everyone who buys shares in the company is a shareholder. The liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount of his investment. If a person has shares in a company, he is said to have a stake or holding in the company. If he holds 20% of shares, he has a 20% stake. If a shareholder has more than a 50% holding, he is majority shareholder and he has a majority or controlling interests in the company.

Words to help:

1. liability - обязательство, ответственность;

2. shareholder - акционер, пайщик; shares – акция, доля

3. stake- доля

4. Investment-инвестиции, денежные вложения;

EXPORTING

When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must consider, e.g. packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods must be packed carefully in containers to protect them from damage. The crates must be labelled clearly to show where they are going. The label may also show what the containers contain.

Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an airline. If the goods are shipped, then transportation must be arranged from the factory to the docks. This can either be by road in lorries or by rail. The shipment must be insured against loss or damage in transit.

Words to help

Consider-учитывать.

Packaging-упаковка.

Insurance-страхование.

Goods-товары.

Damage-повреждение.

Crate-деревянный ящик.

Label-промаркировать.

Arrange-организовывать.

Rail-железная дорога.

Shipment-отправка груза.

Insure-страховать.

NYLON

The first man - made fibre

Nylon was invented in the early 1930s by an American chemist, Julian Hill Other scientists worked with his invention and finally on 27 October 1938 Nylon was introduced to the world. It was cheap and strong and immediately became successful especially in the making of ladies' stockings.

During the Second World War, the best present for many women was a pair of nylon stockings, but more importantly it was used to make parachutes and tyres. Today nylon is found in many things: carpets, ropes, seat belts furniture, computers and spare parts for the human body. It has been playing an important part in our lives tor over 50 years. Next year about 36 million tons of it will be manufactured.

Words to help:

Man ~ made fibre - искусственное волокно