Англ.яз. Задание №131 Воеводская 12

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. (Заполнитель) for concrete should be hard, durable and contain no materials which can affect reinforcement. 2. Concrete is a (смесь) of particles of hardmaterial, the aggregate, bound with a paste of cement and water. 3.At least three quarters of the (объема) of concrete are occupied by aggregate. 4. Workability is affected by the characteristics of the (частиц заполнителя) such as size and shape. 5. (Удобоукладываемость) can be improvedbycarefulselectionofaggregate.6.Aggregateshouldbefreefrom (пыли или глины) as they can lower the strength of the concrete. 7. It is advantageous to use as little cement as necessary to produce a dense, (долговечный бетон). 8.The (мера) of the ease with which concrete can be compacted is described as the workability of the mix.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Natural andArtificialAggregates

Sand and gravel are the cheapest and most commonly used aggregates. They consist of particles of broken stone deposited by the action of rivers.

Crushedrockaggregatesaregenerallymoreexpensivethansandandgravel, because of the cost of quarrying and crushing the stone. If the stone is hard, inert and well graded, it serves as a good aggregate for concrete. Natural granite is hard and dense and serves as an excellent aggregate. Hard sandstoneandlimestone,whencrushedandgraded,arecommonlyusedasaggregate in areas where sand and gravel are not readily available.

Clean broken brick is used as an aggregate for concrete with good fire resistance. The strength of the concrete produced with this aggregate depends on the strength and density of the bricks from which the aggregate is produced. Crushed engineering brick aggregate will produce a concrete of medium crushing strength. Porous brick aggregate should not be used for reinforced concrete work in exposed positions as the aggregate will absorb moisture and encourage the corrosion of the reinforcement.

Урок 6

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Functional requirements of a wall

The main functional requirements of a wall are:

1.Strength and stability.

2.Resistance to weather.

3.Durability and freedom from maintenance.

4.Fire safety.

Strength and stability. A wall structure should have adequate strength to support its own weight between points of support or fixing to the structural frame, and sufficient stability against lateral wind pressures.

Brick and precast concrete cladding do not suffer the rapid changes of temperature between day and night. Thin sheet wall materials such as metal and glasssuffer rapid changes in temperature and consequent expansion and contraction. These may cause damage to fixings or the thin panel material.

Resistance to weather. The traditional walling materials, brick, stone and block, serve to exclude rain from the inside of buildings by absorbing rainwater that evaporates to outside air during dry periods. Common practice is to construct a wall as a cavity wall with an outer leaf of masonry as rain screen,acavityandaninnerleafthatprovidesadequatethermalresistanceto the passage of heat, and an attractive internal finish.

Durability and freedom from maintenance.The durability of a wall structure is a measure of the frequency and extent of the work necessary to maintain minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance.

Walls of brick and natural stone will very gradually change colour over the years. This slow change of colour is generally accepted as one of the attractive features of these traditionalmaterials.Walls of brick andstone facing require very little maintenance over the expected life of most buildings.

Fire safety. The design of cladding and curtain wall construction must take into account fire safety. Primary concerns are the internal spread of fire across the surface materials of walls and ceilings, external fire spread over the fabric and fire spread within concealed spaces such as cavities.

Note: take into account – принимать во внимание

colder outside air.As long as the interior of buildings is heated to a temperature abovethatofoutside air,transfer of heatfromheatsources tooutside air will continue.

The natural exchange of outside and inside air is necessary to provide ventilation of buildings. For comfort there should be a continuous change of air inside buildings to provide an adequate supply of oxygen, and to limit humidity, fumes and smells. The necessary movement of air inside sealed buildingsmaybeinducedartificiallybymechanicalsystemsofairconditioning.These systemsfilter, dryand humidifyairthrougha complexof ducting, connected to one or more air treatment plants.

Урок 7

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Prefabrication and Off-Site Production

Prefabrication is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or building components at a location, usually a factory, remote from the build- ingsite.Off-siteproductionisanothertermwidelyusedtodescribethemanu- facture of a prefabricated building. The manufactured building or building parts are then delivered to the site and assembled in their final position.This methodofconstructionenablesahighdegreeof accuracyand qualitycontrol of the component parts, which are then transported to the site to a precise timetable and erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. Component partsaswellasjointsbetweenthemshouldbeaccuratelydesigned.Attention must be given to fixing and positioning tolerances. On a large scale, prefabrication may be a more efficient alternative to more traditional site-based constructionmethods. For commercialapplications the savingin time onthe siteisanimportanteconomicconsideration.Improvementsinaccuracy,quality and safety are other important considerations.

Themajorityof componentsthatmake upbuildings are factoryproduced, e.g. doors, windows, staircases, sanitary ware etc., and are readily available from manufacturers’ catalogues of standard products. Construction is essentially a process of assembly, fixing and fitting of manufactured components in a precise location.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: prefabrication,remote,off-site,assemble,accuracy,timetable,staircase,qual- ity, improvement, application, enable, site, deliver, as well as

Задание3.НайдитевтекстеАпричастияIIиопределите ихфункции.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Themanufactured buildingorbuildingparts(доставляются)tothesite and assembled in their final position. 2.This method of construction enables a high degree of (точности) and quality control of the component parts. 3. Componentparts are transportedto the sitetoaprecise (расписанию)and erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. 4. (Предварительное изготовление) is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or building components at a location, remote from the building site. 5. (Вне стройплощадки) production is another term widely used to describe the manufactureofaprefabricatedbuilding.6.Componentparts(атакже)joints between them should be accurately designed. 7. (Усовершенствования) in accuracy, quality and safety are important considerations.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B

TheearlyBritishsettlerstoAmericatookprefabricatedtimberhouseswith them in the 1620s, and records show that prefabricated buildings of timber were exported from the UKforuse in other countries.With the development ofcastiron,andinparticularthedevelopmentofprefabricatedcastironcomponents in the 1840s and 1850s, came the development of prefabricated iron buildings. ManyhouseswereshippedtoAfrica,Australiaandthe Caribbean. Steel fabrication was developed in the 1930s in America and the UK, and aluminumfabrication followedafterthe SecondWorldWar. Concretepanels were developed during the 1900s and have proved to be popular in some countries (such as Denmark) but have had more limited application in the UK.Advances in the development of lightweight concrete panels and material technologies, such as carbon reinforcement, have helped to keep concrete an effective choice for some developers. The majority of systems are based on a framed construction of timber or lightweight steel. Concrete systems are primarily based on load bearing concrete panels.

Урок 8

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

ТекстA. Shell Structures

A shell structure is a thin, curved membrane or slab, usually of reinforced concrete,thatfunctionsbothasa structureandcovering,derivingitsstrength and rigidity from the curved shell form. The term “shell” is used to describe these structures byreferenceto the considerable strength and rigidityof thin, natural, curvedforms suchas theshell of an egg.The materialmostsuitedto the construction of a shell structure is concrete, which is a highly plastic material when wet and which can take up any shape inside formwork. Small section reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells. Wetconcreteisspreadoverthe formworkandaroundthe reinforcement,and compacted to the required thickness with the stiffness of the concrete mix. The reinforcement prevents the concrete from running down the slope of the curvature of the shell while the concrete is wet. Once the concrete has hardened,thereinforcedconcreteslabactsasastrong,rigidshell,whichservesas bothstructureandcoveringtothebuilding.Thestrengthandrigidityofcurved shell structures makes it possible to construct single curved barrel vaults 60 mm thick and double curvedhyperbolic paraboloids 40 mmthick in reinforced concrete for clear spans up to 30 mm.

Theattraction of shell structure lies inthe elegantsimplicityof the curved shell form that utilizes the natural strength and stiffness of shell forms with great economy in the use of material. The main disadvantages relate to their cost and poor thermal insulation properties. The shell structure is more expensive than, for example, a portal framed structure covering the same floor area because of the considerable labour required to construct the formwork on which the shell is cast.

Notes:

by reference to – в связи с, относительно section – сечение

both … and – и … и, как… так и

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: shell structure, thin, curve, curvature, slab, formwork, concrete mix, utilize, rigid, rigidity, strength, thickness, stiffness, property, span, vault, floor, disadvantage, cast, both … and

Задание 3. Найдите в тексте причастия I и определите их функции.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Урок 9

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

ТекстA. Raised Floors

Araised floorisusedtoconcealservices,usuallyelectricalca­blesandair conditioning ducts, in the cavity between the raised floor and the structural floor. Raised floors are particularly useful in large open plan spaces, such as offices, where it is not practical to house services in partition walls.Air-con- ditioning grilles and services outlets, such as electrical and telephone sockets,canbeprovidedwithinthefloortoprovideaflatandevensurfacefin­ish. The cables and air conditioning ducts are hidden from view in the cavity betweenthe raisedfloorandthestructuralfloorfinish.Concealingthecables not only improves the visual appearance of the floor area but also helps to keep triphazards to a minimum. Most manufacturers of raised floor systems also supply ancillary items such as electrical floor boxes, cable ports and cable management systems.

Raised floors are used in new building developments as well as in refurbish­ment work where there is sufficient vertical height between structuralfloorstoadda raisedfloor.Byadjustingthedepthofthesupports tosuit unevenfloors and changes in floor levels, it is possible to provide a flatlevel surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of stairs.

Thefunctionalrequirementsareto:1)accommodateandconcealservices; 2) be flexible; 3) sustain and resist imposed loads; 4) have good appearance and aesthetics; 5) resist passage of sound and provide acoustical control;

6)providerequiredthermalresistanceandpreventformationofcondensation;

7)provide protectionagainstfire; 8)resist wearand tear;9)providesafetyof installation and maintenance.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: raised floor, conceal, services, cable, socket, cavity, particularly, useful, partition wall, uneven, wear, installation, imposed load, adjust, provide

Задание3.НайдитевпервомабзацетекстаАглаголыиопределитеих видо-временную форму и залог.

1.(Фальшполы,вчастности)areusefulinlargeopenplanspaces.2.Airconditioning grilles and services outlets, such as (электрические и телефонные розетки), can be provided within the floor to provide a flat and even surface fin­ish. 3. Raised floors are useful where it is not practical tohouseservicesin(перегородках).4.Byadjustingthedepthofthesupports to suit (неровным полам) and changes in floor levels, it is possible to provide a flat level surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of stairs. 5. One of the functionalrequirements is to resist (износу). 6.Araised floor is used to conceal services in the (полости) between the raised floor and the structural floor.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Floor assembly

There are two primary components to a raised floor, the floor panel and the support pedestal. Combined, the components provide a rigid and stable floor surface for a varietyof uses.The designlife of the floor panels tends to be anything up to 25 years, that of the supports around 50 years. Loading capacitywillvarywithdifferentsystems. In situationswhereheavyfurniture or equipmentistobe installed, the loadingof the systemcan be improved by the installation of additional support pedestals. Manufacturers will also provide details of the air leakage, the fire rating, the combined weight of the system, which will vary with height. Acoustic performance of the system (which depends on the type of floor finish) should also be provided. Floor to wall junctions are usually sealed with an air seal.

Урок 10

Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Suspended Ceilings

Suspendedceilings areprimarilyusedtoprovideanattractivefinishtothe ceilingwhileatthesame timeconcealingservices.Asuspendedceilingcomprises a lightweight structural grid, which is supported by wire hangers attached to the underside of the structural floor, and into which lightweight tiles arepositioned. The structural grid is based on a 600× 600 mm module. Suspended ceilings may also be used in refurbishment projects to provide a level ceiling finish to areas of the building that differ in height.

Suspendedceilingsnotonlyprovideanattractive,levelceilingfinish,with convenient access to services when required, but are also used to house a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventilation grilles, light fittings, fire sprinklers, detectors (e.g. smoke, heat), security cameras, movement sensors and alarms.

The functional requirements include:

1.Concealment of structure – to hide changes in the structure, beams, floors and ties, and to provide a level and attractive ceiling finish.

2.Concealment of services – to hide services such as ducts, equipment and cables, and allow easy access for maintenance.

3.Thermalinsulation-thermalinsulation maybe introducedif theceiling isadjacentto theroof.Itmust be designedandpositionedtoprevent condensation.

4.Acoustic control: sound insulation and absorption – the two main aspects of acoustic control areabsorption of a sound within anenclosed space, and the reduction of sound passing through a material or structure.

5.Fire control: control the development and spread of a fire.

6.Ventilation – the services may form an integral part of the suspended ceiling unit. Where services are concealed within the ceiling they may need additional support.

7.Heating, air conditioning, illumination – the luminaries may be surface mounted or independently supported from the structure.

8.Electricalearthing–theceilinggridmustbeearthed.Intheeventofany electrical fault, the parts of the ceiling capable of carrying an electrical current are earthed and protected.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: suspended ceiling, wire, grid, tile, smoke, alarm, attach, support, comprise, include,absorption,insulation,access,cable,additional,current,unit,within

Задание3.НайдитевтекстеАинфинитивыиопределитеихфункции.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Задание6.Заменитеданныевскобкахсловаисловосочетаниянарусском языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Suspended ceilings provide an attractive, level ceiling finish, with convenient(доступ)toserviceswhenrequired.2.(Подвесныепотолки)are also used to house a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventilationgrilles,lightfittings,firesprinklers,detectors(e.g.smoke,heat),security cameras, movement sensors and alarms. 3.Asuspended ceiling comprises a lightweight structural (сетку), which is supported by wire hangers.

4.(Теплоизоляция) may be introduced if the ceiling is adjacent to the roof.

5.Sound insulation and (поглощение) are main aspects of acoustic control.

6.The functional requirements also (включают) heating, air conditioning and illumination.

Задание7.ПереведитетекстВнарусскийязыкписьменносословарем.

Текст B. Wallpaper

Wallpaper is the term used to cover a wide variety of sheet papers produced for use on internal walls. The papers are mainly used in domestic premises, applied by professional decorators or by householders.

Papers adhere to the wall by means of a water-based adhesive paste. The paste maybe mixed with water and applied to the wall or more commonly to the back of the paper. The sheet of pasted paper is then ‘hung’on the wall. The paper is carefully positioned and then the surface is brushed over with a soft brush to apply enough pressure to remove any air bubbles that have formed under the paper. Once positioned, the sheet of wallpaper can be trimmed at the ceiling and skirting with a sharp knife. Some papers are manufacturedwith an adhesiveback which is activatedby soakingthe paper in water for a few minutes or by brushing water to the back of the paper beforeitisappliedtothewall. Someskillisrequiredinkeepingthe sheets of paper straight and patterns lined up at the joint.

dead load постоянная нагрузка decking n. опалубка

deliver v. доставлять, передавать dense adj. плотный, густой depend v. зависеть

deposit v. давать осадок, n. отложение, осадок

depth n. глубина

derive from v. происходит от, отводить describe v. описывать

description n описание. design n. проект, конструкция, v. проектировать

determine v. определять

develop v. развивать, разрабатывать different adj. другой, непохожий differential settlement неравномерная осадка, относительная осадка dimensional adj. пространственный distortion n. деформация,

искривление

distribute v. распределять, размазывать

drive v. забивать, управлять, приводить в действие

dry adj. сухой

duct n. канал, воздуховод due to из-за

durability n. долговечность dust n. пыль

earth n. земля earthing n. заземление

ease n. легкость, удобство, v. ослаблять, уменьшать egg n. яйцо

embed v. закапывать, укреплять, заделывать

enable v. давать возможность enclose v. окружать, огораживать encourage v. способствовать engineering brick плотный кирпич повышенной и высокой прочности enhance v. увеличивать, усиливать

39

equal adj. равный equipment n. оборудование evaporation n. испарение excessive adj. чрезмерный exclude v. исключать

exhibit v. проявлять, показывать exhibition n. выставка, проявление, показ

expansion n. расширение, распространение, пространство expel v. выталкивать, исключать expensive adj. дорогой exploration n. исследование expose v. выставлять, подвергать, открывать

external adj. внешний, наружный fabric n. ткань, сетка, каркас здания, структура

fabrication n. изготовление facing n. облицовочные работы, облицовка

facing brick лицевой кирпич failure n. разрушение, излом, потеря несущей способности

fault n. недостаток, дефект, сдвиг feature n. особенность, характерная черта

fill n. насыпной грунт

fine adj. мелкий, высококачественный finish n. отделка, v. заканчивать, облицовывать

firm adj. крепкий, твердый

fit v. устанавливать монтировать, подходить

fitting n. установка, сборка, монтаж fix v. укреплять, закреплять

fixing n. крепление, закрепление flat adj. плоский

floor n. перекрытие, пол, этаж fluctuation n. колебание, изменение foundation n. основание, фундамент fracture n. разрушение, трещина, разрыв