Grammar Content

1. MODAL VERBS and their EQUIVALENTS------------------------------------------------1

CAN

ТО BE ABLE TO

MAY

ТО BE ALLOWED TO

MUST

ТО HAVE TO

TO HAVE TO — ТО BE TO

NEED

MUST — MAY — MIGHT — CAN'T

SHOULD

2. Indirect (Reported) speech (Непряма мова)-----------------------------------------9

Indirect orders and requests

Indirect statements

Indirect questions

3. MOOD (Способи дієслова) --------------------------------------------------------------------16

4. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD------------------------------------------------------------------16

5. CONDITIONAL SENTENSES (умовні речення)-----------------------------------------18

Modal verbs and their equivalents

 Modal verbs are used to show the speaker's attitude to the action or state indicated by the infinitive. They show that the action is considered as possible, impossible, probable, improbable, obligatory, necessary, advisable, doubtful or uncertain, etc.

Special properties:

     They are used in the Present Indefinite and 2 of them “can” and “may” – in the past Indefinite Active Voice.

    They do not take endings or suffixes.

    They don’t have particle “to” in their infinitive form

      All of them   (except   ought  and  sometimes dare and need) are followed by the infinitive without the particle to.

    All of them (except dare and need) form the negative and the interrogative form without the auxiliary does.

  

Can expresses ability or capability, possibility.

The verb can has two forms: can for the Present Tense and could for the Past Indefinite Tense; the expression to be able which has the same meaning can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb can.

May expresses permission, uncertainty,   possibility,  

The verb may has two forms: may for the Present Tense and might for the Past Tense. The expressions to be allowed and to be permitted, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb may.

 Must expresses obligation, necessity, an urgent command or prohibition.

The verb must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must.

Equivalents.

Present		Past		Future
Modal verb	equivalent	Modal verb	equivalent	Modal verb	equivalent
can	Am Is able to Are	could	Was able to Were	✖	Shall be able to Will
may	am is    allowed to are	might	was         allowed to were	✖	shall        be allowed to will
must	have/has to	✖	had to	✖	shall/will have to
	am     is    to    are		was/were to		shall/will be to

TEST YOURSELF

1. What are Modal Verbs?

2. What are the special properties of Modal Verbs?

3. What does the verb “can” express?

4. What can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb “can”?

5. What does the verb “may” express?

6. What can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb “may”?

7. What does the verb “must” express?

8. What can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb “must”?

CAN Можливість щось робити (можу, вмію)
I can play the piano, (вмію)  Не can answer the question, (може)	I cannot swim, (не вмію) He cannot understand, (не може)
Can you sing? (вмієте?) Can you help me? (можете?)
I could not ski when I was little, (не вмів) She could not jump so high, (не могла)

1. Translate. 1. Mike can run very fast. 2. They can under­stand French. 3. Kate can speak English well. 4. My brother can come and help you in the gar­den. 5. Can you speak Spanish? 6. Can your broth­er help me with mathematics? 7. His little sister can walk already. 8. The children cannot carry this box: it is too heavy. 9. My friend cannot come in time. 10. This old woman cannot sleep at night. 11. His sister can cook very well. 12. I can sing, but I cannot dance.

2. Translate into English using the verb can.  1. Ми можемо закінчити цю роботу сьогодні. 2. Моя сестра вміє грати на скрипці. 3. Я не міг відповісти на друге запитання. 4. Ви можете прийти завтра? 5. Цей хлопець вміє кататися на ковзанах. 6. Можна мені взяти твій зошит? 7. Я зможу зробити це завтра. 8. Вони не змогли купити квитків на концерт. 9. Ти зможеш поїхати туди влітку? 10. Вона могла запізнитися на поїзд.

3. Translate using can (could).1. Я вмію розмовляти англійською. 2. Мій тато не вміє розмовляти німецькою мовою. 3. Ти вмієш розмовляти французькою? 4. Моя сестра не вміє кататись на ковзанах. 5. Ти можеш перепливти цю ріку? 6. Я не можу випити це молоко. 7. Вона не може вас зрозуміти 8. Ти вмів плавати у минулому році? 9. У минулому році я не вмів кататись на лижах, а зараз вмію. 10. Чи можете мені сказати, як доїхати до залізничного вокзалу? 11. Чи не могли б ви мені допомогти? 12. Я не можу перекласти це речення. 13. Ніхто не міг мені допомогти. 14. Де тут можна купити хліба? 15. Чи твоя бабуся вміла танцювати коли була молодою? — Так, вона й зараз вміє.