How the Body Fights Disease

The ….. is often called “the body’s first ….. of defence”. It acts as armour, resisting many germs that might harm the more ….. parts of the ….. . Any ….. in the skin even a pin ….. , provides an opening for ….. germs. Some …… enter the body through the ….. and ….. and other natural openings. These areas provided warmth and ….. , in which germs thrive. When the ….. of the nose and throat becomes irritated, we cough or ….. , blowing out the unwanted substances.

Other body ….. also contain a defense against ….. . Tears, for example, wash ….. from the ….. . Tears also contain substances that fight bacteria. Acid in the ….. kills man germs before they can reach other ….. of the body.

9. Choose the best answer.

1. Smoking is a very bad habit, which many people find difficult to ….. .

a) beat b) break c) breathe d) cough

2. Can you ….. me an effective way to stop smoking?

a) advise b) instruct c) show d) suggest

3. All cigarette packets carry ….. about the effect of smoking on health.

a) an advice b) an alarm c) an alert d) a warning

4. It has been conclusively ….. that smoking causes many diseases.

a) admitted b) approved c) declared d) established

5. Expert have found that breathing in tobacco smoke can be ….. to non-smokers.

a) harmful b) spoiling c) unhealthy d) wholesome

6. He never stops smoking, one cigarette after another. I’m afraid he’s become a … smoker.

a) chain b) cord c) line d) rope

7. You have a very nasty cough. You must ….. on cigarettes.

a) cut down b) give up c) reduce d) take down

8. I hope you don’t ….. to my smoking.

a) disapprove b) disagree c) object d) oppose

9. Many people have ….. smoking. Why don’t you follow their example!

a) ended b) given up c) gone from d) left

9. SPECIALISTS. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct words or departments.

1. Intensive Care Unit

2. Casualty and Emergency Department

3. Pediatric Ward

4. Maternity Unit

5. Orthopaedic Ward

6. Surgical Ward

7. Geriatric Ward

8. Ophthalmic Ward

9. Gynaecological Ward

1. Mary who has just had a baby

2. John who has broken his leg

3. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications

4. Peter who will have his appendix removed

5. Betty’s mother who is suffering from women’s disease

6. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataract

7. Samuel who is unconscious

8. Paul who has just been in a car crash

9. Your son who has measles

9. SPECIALISTS. Give the name of the persons defined below.

1. a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er

2. someone who looks after people in hospital _ _ _ s _

3. sick person who has to stay in hospital i _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment

o _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. someone who operates on sick people _ _ _ _ _ o _

6. person badly injured in an accident, fire, war _ a _ _ _ _ _ _

7. person who helps at the birth of a baby m _ _ _ _ _ _

8. person who specializes in one area of medicine

_ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9. SPECIALISTS. Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.

1. He treats children’s diseases.

1. He is an orthopaedist.

2. He is a paediatrician.

3. He is a pathologist.

2. He corrects deformities of the body.

1. He is a gynaecologist.

2. He is an orthopaedist.

3. He is a pathologist.

3. He straightens crooked teeth.

1. He is an orthodontist.

2. He is an orthopaedist.

3. He is a pathologist.

4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in the diseases of the eyes.

1. He is an oculist.

2. He is an optician.

3. He is an orthopaedist.

5. He makes your eyeglasses.

1. He is an oculist.

2. He is an orthopaedist.

3. He is an optician.

6. He specializes in the disorders of the mind.

1. He is an internist.

2. He is a psychiatrist.

3. He is a physiotherapist.

7. He treats diseases by electricity.

1. He is a pathologist.

2. He is a physiotherapist.

3. He is a psychologist.

8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.

1. He is a gynaecologist.

2. He is a neurologist.

3. He is a radiologist.

9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.

1. He is a cardiologist.

2. He is a dermatologist.

3. He is a neurologist.

10. He treats diseases of old age.

1. He is a cardiologist.

2. He is a geriatrician.

3. He is a pediatrician.

11. He specializes in skin diseases.

1. He is a dermatologist.

2. He is a geriatrician.

3. He is a pathologist.

12. He treats women’s diseases.

1. He is a dermatologist.

2. He is a geriatrician.

3. He is a gynecologist.

13. He brings children into the world.

1. He is a gynecologist.

2. He is an obstetrician.

3. He is a pediatrician.

9. SPECIALISTS. Which of the professionals would you consult in each of the following cases?

1. To operate on an eye cataract _ c _ _ _ _ _

2. To cure your son’s measles _ _ d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. To make your new glasses _ _ _ i _ _ _ _

4. To deliver a baby ob _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. To test your eyesight _ _ _ t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. To cure a rash on the skin d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7. To treat a sick mind p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8. To operate on your appendix _ _ r _ _ _ _

9. To examine the old-age complaints of your grandmother

g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. To treat Peter’s deformed hip _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _

11. To analyze your dreams s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

12. To treat the ailments of your wife _ _ n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9. SPECIALISTS. What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst?

9. SYMPTOMS. Match the symptoms with the explanation what caused them.

Why are you sneezing? Why are you crying? Why are you yawning? Why are you coughing? Why are you bleeding? Why are you sweating? Why are you shivering? Why are you shaking? Why are you vomiting?

I’m terrified by this story. I’ve cut myself with a bread-knife. I’m bored with this lecture. Cigarette smoke irritates my throat. You are hurting me. I have a bad cold. I’m very cold. I must have eaten some bad food. It’s too warm in here

9. SYMPTOMS. Match the following symptoms of disease with their definitions.

belching colic constipation cramp diarrhea dizziness faint fatigue fever heartburn hiccups indigestion inflammation insomnia itch jaundice nausea neuralgia pus rash

difficult or infrequent emptying of the bowels weariness from bodily or mental exertion to become senseless and motionless feeling as if everything were turning round act of sending out gas from the stomach noisily through the mouth a burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion pain in a nerve feeling of sickness as caused by bad food yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes inability to sleep a sensation in the skin causing a desire to scratch the soft yellowish substance formed in and coming out from a poisoned place in the body patch of tiny red sports on the skin severe pain in the stomach and bowels too frequent and too watery emptying of the bowels sudden and painful tightening of the muscles condition of the body with temperature higher than usual a spasm of the respiratory muscles a redness and swelling attended with heat, pain difficulty in digesting food

9. SYMPTOMS. Choose words from the group below to complete the sentences. It may be necessary to change the form of the given words.

dizzy	feverish	queasy	rash	runny	seedy	sore
swollen	to cough	to vomit

1. I haven’t taken her temperature yet but her face is flushed and she seems ….. .

2. It’s hard to describe. I just feel generally ….. . Can you prescribe a tonic?

3. When I stand up the room seems to be going round. I feel really …… .

4. I’m not in pain but the glands in my neck seem to be ….. .

5. I’ve got a tickle in my throat. I can’t stop ….. .

6. I feel a bit queasy. I think I’m going to …… .

7. I’ve come out in a ….. all over my chest and arms. I think I may be allergic to strawberries.

8. It’s like being sea-sick. I feel …… whenever I move about.

9. My throat is awfully ….. I hope it’s not bout of tonsillitis.

10. I’ve got a ….. nose. I suppose it’s a cold coming on.

9. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct answers.

1. You should put your hand in front of your mouth when you …..

a) sniff b) snore c) swallow d) yawn

2. Six people were overcome by ….. from a container in the laboratory.

a) fumes b) leaks c) odours d) outflows

3. She has been working so hard she feels quite ….. .

a) careful b)dull c) exhausted d) wasted

4. The dog was in a terrible ….. when we found it.

a) condition b) danger c) illness d) sickness

5. His illness made him ….. of concentration.

a) incapable b) incompetent c)powerless d) unable

6. I felt a sharp ….. when I put my hand in the boiling water.

a) ache b) harm c) pain d) suffer

7. If you have got measles, your body is covered in ….. .

a) blots b)dots c)freckles d) spots

8. Every time she eats shellfish, she comes out in ….. .

a) a blush b) a bruise c) an itch d) a rash

9. The baby is very fretful: he must be ….. some teeth.

a) cutting b)grinding c) making d) producing

10. There is a small hard ….. on my wrist. I think I’d better see the doctor.

a) bruise b)limp c) rash d)swelling

11. I have a bad cold, and have lost all ….. of smell.

a) degree b) scent c) sense d)skill

12. He ….. from rheumatism.

a) hurts b) pains c) suffers d) troubles

13. Women seem able to ….. pain better than men.

a)bear b) carry c) support d) wear

14. I couldn’t go to the party because of a ….. cold.

a) fast b) hurried c) sudden d) surprising

15. He fell heavily and was immediately conscious of ….. pain in his right arm.

a) acute b) hard c) raw d) strong

16. Left on his back, an unconscious casualty may ….. in his own vomit.

a) drown b) sink c) submerge d) suffocate

17. I have a ….. headache.

a) burning b) raving c) spitting d) splitting

18. Her sister’s ….. kept me awake for half the night.

a) blowing b) coughing c) flowing d) swallowing

19. His stomach began to ….. because of the bad food he had eaten.

a) ache b) be hurt c) harm d) pain

20. You can die from breathing the ….. from a car engine for too long.

a) air b) fumes c) smoke d)steam

21. He says he had got ….. in his stomach.

a) aches b) hurt c) pains d) suffering

22. I’ve got such a ….. throat I’m sure I must be going to have a cold.

a) hurt b) irritable c) sensitive d) sore

23. I think you should see a doctor about that ….. .

a) belch b) blister c) inflammation d) pimple

24. I’m not really ill, but I have a ….. headache.

a) delicate b) pale c) slight d) weak

25. Colour-blind people often find it difficult to ….. between blue and green.

a) compare b) contrast c) distinguish d) separate

9. SYMPTOMS. Choose the right answer.

1. When I tried to walk I had a sharp ….. in my leg.

a) cut b) hurt c) pain d) wound

2. Whenever she catches a cold, she gets a ….. all over her face.

a) blemish b) lump c) rash d) sore

3. She ….. of severe pains in her arms and legs.

a) complains b) grumbles c) remarks d) says

4. You’re looking very pale – do you ….. sick?

a) become b) fall c) faint d) feel

5. My husband does not feel at all well. I think he must have eaten something that….. him.

a) disagreed b) disturbed c) hurt d) poisoned

6. If you have a sore throat it is very difficult to ….. .

a) bite b) chew c) digest d) swallow

7. If you didn’t keep scratching that spot on your face, it would soon ….. .

a) cure b) heal c) mend d) remedy

8. When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above ….. .

a) normal b) ordinary c) regular d) usual

9. I was so tired I couldn’t stop ….. .

a) coughing b) crying c) laughing d) yawning

10. After the accident she suffered brain ….. and couldn’t speak.

a) damage b) decay c) destruction d) disease

11. The child who swallowed a peanut began to ….. .

a) breathe b) choke c) cough d) yawn

12. May I please have a glass of water? I feel a little ….. .

a) bad b) faint c) hungry d) ill

9. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct form.

The clinical thermometer is used (for, to) measuring (body’s, body) temperature. It (consists of, contains, includes) a tube made (from, of, with) glass, which (comprises, contains, consists of) a certain (amount, number) of mercury. When the mercury is (hot, heated), it (expands, extends, increases) and (raises, rises) up the tube, which is graduated in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade (according, depending) on the country of manufacture.

9. SYMPTOMS. Choose the correct form.

1. The dying man said nothing: he merely ….. .

a) mumbled b) sighed c) stammered d) whispered

2. There is something wrong with his vocal chords and, as a result, he has always been ….. .

a) deaf b) dumb c) silent d) speechless

3. He suffers from a speech ….. and so he cannot pronounce the letter “r” correctly.

a) break b) defect c) error d)mistake

4. She had lost her voice and could only speak in a ….. .

a) breath b) rustle c) whisper d) whistle

5. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, as he had become ….. .

a) dumb b) hoarse c) inarticulate d) speechless

6. When he spoke on the telephone, his voice was so ….. that I could hardly hear him.

a) dim b) dull c) faint d) unnoticeable

7. You will find John rather difficult to understand at first, as he has a slight ….. in his speech.

a) complication b) contraction c) difficulty d) impediment

8. You will have to ….. , Aunt Betty is rather deaf.

a) call up b) ring up c) speak up d) stand up

9. After a fall from a horse, his speech became rather ….. .

a) anxious b) confused c) confusing d) clear

10. I’m afraid I’m rather ….. of hearing. Will you speak a little louder, please?

a) deaf b) hard c) quiet d)slow

11. His stomach felt very ….. after that rough journey in a lorry.

a) disused b) undone c) used up d) upset

12. It was so cold my fingers were quite ….. .

a) insensible b) numb c) paralyzed d) senseless

13. Although the injured driver was almost unconscious, he was ….. in pain.

a) moaning b) mumbling c) stammering d) whispering

14. He was so cold that his teeth were ….. .

a) chattering b) perishing c) shivering d) shuddering

15. He ….. over the body of a cat lying on the pavement.

a) crashed b)stumbled c) toppled d) tumbled

16. John broke his leg. That is why he still ….. a little.

a) halts b) limps c) staggers d) trips

17. I was ….. by the gas in the room and fell to the ground.

a) depressed b) overcome c) overturned d) submerged

18. Her right eye ….. when she is anxious.

a) twiddles b) twirls c) twitches d) twists

19. I have got such a ….. headache that I can’t concentrate on the lecture.

a) beating b) drumming c) hammering d) throbbing

20. He had a terrible cold and found it difficult to breathe as his nose was ….. .

a) closed up b) filled up c) shut up d) stuffed up

21. The fumes were so thick that he was ….. for breath.

a) gasping b) inhaling c) suffocating d) wheezing

22. Go straight to the hospital and have your hand attended to – it looks ….. to me.

a) affected b) infected c)intoxicated d) polluted

9. DISEASES. Give the Russian names of the following diseases.

appendicitis bronchitis cancer chicken pox

diabetes hay fever hepatitis influenza

leukemia measles pneumonia tuberculosis

9. DISEASES. Choose the correct answer.

1. He died after a long ….. .

a) disease b) failing c) illness d) sickness

2. The doctor had three ….. of nose-bleeding in the same day.

a) aspects b) cases c) examples d) illnesses

3. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he ….. while in the Congo.

a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received

4. My grandmother is very old and is not ….. very good health.

a) from b) in c) on d) with

5. The teachers at the school went ….. with flu one after another.

a) down b) off c) out d) under

6. Malaria is ….. by the female mosquito.

a) broadcast b) sent c) transmitted d) transported

7. Mary is in bed with a ….. attack of flu.

a) hard b) heavy c) large d) severe

8. My brother was ….. ill yesterday and is now in hospital.

a) broken b) caught c) fallen d) taken

9. The school is half empty as a serious epidemic of measles has broken ….. .

a) down b) in c) out d) up

10. Several ….. of malaria have been reported.

a) cases b) doses c)occurrences d) types

11. To our ….. , Mary’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.

a) anxiety b) eyes c) judgement d) relief

12. He ….. a rare disease when he was working in the hospital.

a) caught b) infected c) suffered d) took

13. My headaches are usually brought ….. by worry.

a) in b) on c) up d) out

14. The doctor examined him carefully and ….. influenza.

a) concluded b) decided c) diagnosed d) realized

15. Some diseases ….. quickly from one person to another.

a) catch b) get about c) move d) spread

16. Tropical diseases are comparatively ….. in Poland.

a) few b) rare c) scarce d) slight

17. It was a minor illness and he soon got ….. it.

a) around b) on with c) over d) up to

18. The ….. last thing I want now is to catch a cold.

a) extremely b) most c) utterly d) very

19. I can never touch lobster because I am …… to shellfish.

a) allergic b) infected c) sensible d) sensitive

20. She couldn’t go out because she had a ….. cold.

a) flowing b) leaking c) running d) streaming

21. The local medical officer reported a serious ….. of food-poisoning.

a) event b) incident c) outbreak d) state

22. The patient ….. his illness down to a virus infection.

a) laid b) placed c) put d) traced

23. You keep sneezing. You must have caught ….. .

a) a cold b) a cough c) a headache d) an illness

24. The children were suffering from the ….. of the hot weather.

a) consequences b) effects c) products d) results

25. He had a very bad cold and couldn’t stop …… .

a) sneezing b) snoring c) spitting d) yawning

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