- •1. Introduction
- •2. Wettability
- •3. Prediction of interfacial energies
- •4. Wettability and interfacial reactions in selected systems
- •5. Nature of interfacial reactions
- •6. Reaction mechanisms in selected systems
- •7. Interfacial reactions, fibre strength and interface strength
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
roughness provides crack shielding and plastic deformation at the interfacial region, the fracture energy approach is di¶cult to apply (the method usually overestimates º!$).
In summary, the fibre–matrix interface represents a transition region between two monolithic phases (fibre and matrix) whose properties (strength, adhesion, chemistry, structure and topological features) control the stress transfer and load-bearing characteristics of the material. In spite of the extreme sensitivity of interfaces to a myriad of material and test variables, and the inherent thermodynamic instability of interfaces between dissimilar materials, considerable progress has been made in understanding, modelling and tailoring the interface at the microstructural, crystallographic and atomic levels. This progress has resulted primarily from interactions between processing science and surface engineering. Future developments are likely to focus on techniques for in-situ characterization of interfaces under service conditions (e.g., in- situ measurements of interface strength in reactive environments and/or at elevated temperatures), development of criteria for selecting stress-absorbing compliant layers, prediction and control of fibre degradation by judicious design of fibre and matrix chemistries, by surface engineering, and by controlling fabrication conditions, continued development and refinement of theoretical models which integrate the thermodynamics and kinetics of interfaces with their micromechanical behaviour and, finally, integration of our understanding of interfacial phenomena into manufacturing processes for producing composites with engineered interfaces.
Acknowledgements
An early draft of this paper was prepared at the Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Cleveland, with financial support from NASA and the National Research Council, Washington, DC. Appreciation is expressed to Thomas K. Glasgow, Chief, Processing Science and Technology Branch, Lewis Research Center, and S. N. Tewari, Professor, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, for support. Support received from the University of Wisconsin-Stout during preparation of the final manuscript is also gratefully acknowledged.
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Received 13 May 1996
and accepted 12 November 1997
1980