§ 4. A considerable number of adverbs are formed from adjec- tives by adding -ly, e.G. Calm, — calmly, slow — slowly, kind — kindly, etc.

Spelling notes:

1. adjectives ending in -y change it to -i, e.g. gay — gaily, busy — busily, happy — happily, but: dry — dryly/drily;

2. adjectives ending in -able/ible drop the final e and add -y, e.g. capable — capably, suitable — suitably, sensible — sensibly etc;

3. adjectives ending in -l double it, e.g. skilful — skilfully, final — finally, beautiful — beautifully.

But adverbs cannot be formed from adjectives already ending in -ly, such as manly, friendly, silly, lively, fatherly, etc. An ad- verbial phrase is used in this case instead of an adverb, e.g. in a silly way, in a friendly manner, etc.

Some adverbs, however, have the same form as the corre- sponding adjective.

e.g. He walked very fast.

The road runs straight for miles.

He got up very early.

He didn't try hard enough.

I didn't wait for him long. He spelled my name wrong.

Some other adverbs have two forms: the adjective form and the form in -ly. In most cases the two forms differ in meaning.

e.g. He came late.

I haven't seen him lately.

The time is drawing near for our departure. I nearly missed my train.

He works hard.

He hardly ever works.

It is pretty early.

She was prettily dressed.

There is also a group of adverbs with which the form without -ly is mainly found in set phrases where it often undergoes some change of meaning.

e.g. They travelled cheaply.

He bought (sold, got) the car cheap.

She brushed the floor cleanly.

The bullet went clean (= right) through his shoulder.

He spoke loudly and clearly.

Stand clear of the door.

Keep clear of the painted wall.

He shut the door closely. He followed close behind. Keep close to me.

He loved his daughter dearly. He sold (bought) it dear. It cost him dear. He paid dear(ly) for it.

He found his way easily. Take it easy. Go easy about it.

They never treated him fairly at school. You must play (fight) fair.

They criticized my work freely.

People are admitted to the museum free.

I firmly believe that he can be made to see our point. I shall stand firm.

They thought (spoke) highly of him.

The plane flew high.

He paid high for his mistake.

He spoke sharply to me. But: Turn sharp to the right.

He will arrive shortly.

It happened shortly before the war.

He cut me short.

I saw him stop short and then walk back.

The car passed slowly. Go slow about it.

The books were tightly packed in the crate. Hold tight.

They differ widely in opinions. He was wide awake. His eyes were wide open.

In a few cases both forms can be used with little, if any, dif- ference in meaning.

e.g. He talked loud/loudly.

He turned the idea down flat/flatly. He drove the car slow/slowly. He came back quick/quickly.

Note 1. Care should be taken to remember that after the link-verbs to feel, to smell, to taste, etc. only adjectives are used as predicatives.

e.g. He felt happy.

She is feeling bad (well). The flowers smelled sweet. The medicine tastes bitter.

Note 2. After certain intransitive verbs we find both adjectives and adverbs, e.g. The wind blew strong(ly). The sun shone bright(ly). They stood motionless(ly). They sat weary /wearily on the porch. They lay silent(ly) on the grass.

Note 3. There are a few adjectives and adverbs in English which have the same form in -ly. They have been derived from nouns, e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, hourly, etc.

e.g. It was his daily duty to water the flowers. Most newspapers appear daily.