Информационные системы и технологии

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾ijZ\Z h[yaZgghklb b hl\_lkl\_gghklv i_jkhgZeZ

¾ijZ\h\u_ iheh`_gby hl^_evguo \b^h\ ijhp_kkZ mijZ\e_gby

¾ihjy^hd kha^Zgby b bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbb b ^j

DE:KKBNBD:PBY BGNHJF:PBHGGUO KBKL?F IH IJBAG:DM KLJMDLMJBJH<:GGHKLB A:>:Q

Ihgylb_ kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklb aZ^Zq

Ijb kha^Zgbb beb ijb deZkkbnbdZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f g_ ba[_`gh \hagbdZxl ijh[e_fu k\yaZggu_ k nhjfZevguf – fZl_fZlbq_kdbf b Ze]hjblfbq_kdbf hibkZgb_f j_rZ_fuo aZ^Zq Hl kl_i_gb nhjfZebaZpbb \h fgh]hf aZ\bkyl wnn_dlb\ghklv jZ[hlu \k_c kbkl_fu Z lZd`_ mjh\_gv Z\lhfZlbaZpbb hij_^_ey_fuc kl_i_gvx mqZklby q_eh\_dZ ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gby gZ hkgh\_ ihemqZ_fhc bgnhjfZpbb

Q_f lhqg__ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ hibkZgb_ aZ^Zqb l_f \ur_ \hafh`ghklb dhfivxl_jghc h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo b l_f f_gvr_ kl_i_gv mqZklby q_eh\_dZ \ ijhp_kk_ __ j_r_gby Wlh b hij_^_ey_l kl_i_gv Z\lhfZlbaZpbb aZ^Zqb

JZaebqZxl ljb l b i Z a Z ^ Zq ^ey dhlhjuo kha^Zxlky bgnhjfZpb hggu_ kbkl_fu kljmdlmjbjh\Zggu_ nhjfZebam_fu_ g_kljmdlmjbjh\Zg gu_ g_nhjfZebam_fu_ b qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zggu_

Kljmdlmjbjh\ZggZy nhjfZebam_fZy aZ^ZqZ – aZ^ZqZ ]^_ ba \_klgu \k_ __ we_f_glu b \aZbfhk\yab f_`^m gbfb

G_kljmdlmjbjh\ZggZy g_nhjfZebam_fZy aZ^ZqZ – aZ^ZqZ \ dhlhjhc g_\hafh`gh \u^_eblv we_f_glu b mklZgh\blv f_`^m gb fb k\yab

< k l jm d lm j b jh \ Z g gh c aZ^Zq_ m^Z_lky \ujZablv __ kh^_j`Zgb_ \ nhjf_ fZl_fZlbq_kdhc fh^_eb bf_xs_c lhqguc Ze]hjblf j_r_gby Ih^h[gu_ aZ^Zqb h[uqgh ijboh^blky j_rZlv fgh]hdjZlgh b hgb ghkyl jm lbgguc oZjZdl_j P_evx bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu ^ey j_r_gby kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq y\ey_lky ihegZy Z\lhfZlbaZpby bo j_ r_gby l _ k\_^_gb_ jheb q_eh\_dZ d gmex

Ijbf_j < bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_ g_h[oh^bfh j_Zebah\Zlv aZ ^Zqm jZkq_lZ aZ jZ[hlghc ieZlu

Wlh kljmdlmjbjh\ZggZy aZ^ZqZ ]^_ iheghklvx ba\_kl_g Ze]hjblf j_ r_gby Jmlbgguc oZjZdl_j wlhc aZ^Zqb hij_^_ey_lky l_f qlh jZkq_lu \k_o gZqbke_gbc b hlqbke_gbc \_kvfZ ijhklu gh h[t_f bo hq_gv \_ ebd lZd dZd hgb ^he`gu fgh]hdjZlgh ih\lhjylvky _`_f_kyqgh ^ey \k_o dZl_]hjbc jZ[hlZxsbo

J_r_gb_ g _ k lj m d l m j b j h \Z g g u o aZ^Zq ba-aZ g_\hafh`ghklb kha^Zgby fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h hibkZgby b jZajZ[hldb Ze]hjblfZ k\yaZgh k [hevrbfb ljm^ghklyfb <hafh`ghklb bkihevah\Zgby a^_kv bgnhjfZpbhg ghc kbkl_fu g_\_ebdb J_r_gb_ \ lZdbo kemqZyo ijbgbfZ_lky q_eh\_dhf

21

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

ba w\jbklbq_kdbo khh[jZ`_gbc gZ hkgh\_ k\h_]h hiulZ b \hafh`gh dhk \_gghc bgnhjfZpbb ba jZaguo bklhqgbdh\

Ijbf_j Ihijh[mcl_ nhjfZebah\Zlv \aZbfhhlghr_gby \ \Zr_c klm^_gq_kdhc ]jmii_ GZ\_jgh_ \jy^ eb \u kfh`_l_ wlh k^_eZlv Wlh k\yaZgh k l_f qlh ^ey ^Zgghc aZ^Zqb kms_kl\_g ikboheh]bq_kdbc b kh pbZevguc nZdlhju dhlhju_ hq_gv keh`gh hibkZlv Ze]hjblfbq_kdb

AZf_lbf qlh \ ijZdlbd_ jZ[hlu ex[hc hj]ZgbaZpbb kms_kl\m_l kjZ\gbl_evgh g_fgh]h iheghklvx kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo beb kh\_jr_ggh g_ kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq H [hevrbgkl\_ aZ^Zq fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh ba \_klgZ ebrv qZklv bo we_f_glh\ b k\ya_c f_`^m gbfb LZdb_ aZ^Zqb gZau \Zxlky q Z kl bq gh k l j m d l m j b j h \ Z g g u f b < wlbo mkeh\byo fh`gh kha^Zlv bgnhjfZpbhggmx kbkl_fm IhemqZ_fZy \ g_c bgnhjfZpby ZgZeb abjm_lky q_eh\_dhf dhlhjuc [m^_l b]jZlv hij_^_eyxsmx jhev LZdb_ bg nhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu y\eyxlky Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zggufb lZd dZd \ bo nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbb ijbgbfZ_l mqZklb_ q_eh\_d

Ijbf_j Lj_[m_lky ijbgylv j_r_gb_ ih mkljZg_gbx kblmZpbb dh ]^Z ihlj_[ghklv \ ljm^h\uo j_kmjkZo ^ey \uiheg_gby \ kjhd h^ghc ba jZ[hl dhfie_dkZ ij_\urZ_l bo gZebqb_ Imlb j_r_gby wlhc aZ^Zqb fh]ml [ulv jZagufb gZijbf_j

‡ \u^_e_gb_ ^hihegbl_evgh]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZ m\_ebq_gb_ qbke_g ghklb jZ[hlZxsbo

‡ hlg_k_gb_ kjhdZ hdhgqZgby jZ[hlu gZ [he__ iha^gxx ^Zlm b l ^ DZd \b^gh \ ^Zgghc kblmZpbb bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ fh`_l ihfhqv q_eh\_dm ijbgylv lh beb bgh_ j_r_gb_ _keb kgZ[^bl _]h bgnhjfZpb_c h oh^_ \uiheg_gby jZ[hl ih \k_f g_h[oh^bfuf iZjZf_ljZf

Lbiu bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f bkihevam_fu_ ^ey j_r_gby qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu bkihevam_fu_ ^ey j_r_gby qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ ^\Z \b^Z>Jbk ]:

¾kha^Zxsb_ mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ hlq_lu b hjb_glbjh\Zggu_ ]eZ\guf h[jZ ahf gZ h[jZ[hldm ^Zgguo ihbkd khjlbjh\dm Z]j_]bjh\Zgb_ nbevl jZpbx Bkihevamy k\_^_gby kh^_j`Zsb_ky \ wlbo hlq_lZo mijZ\ eyxsbc ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_

¾jZajZ[Zlu\Zxsb_ \hafh`gu_ Zevl_jgZlb\u j_r_gby Ijbgylb_ j_ r_gby ijb wlhf k\h^blky d \u[hjm h^ghc ba ij_^eh`_gguo Zevl_jgZ lb\.

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu k ha^ Z x sb_ m ij Z\ e _ g q_ k d b_ h l q_ l u h[_ki_qb\Zxl bgnhjfZpbhggmx ih^^_j`dm ihevah\Zl_ey l _ ij_^hklZ\eyxl ^hklmi d bgnhjfZpbb \ [Za_ ^Zgguo b __ qZklbqgmx h[jZ [hldm Ijhp_^mju fZgbimebjh\Zgby ^Zggufb \ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_ ^he`gu h[_ki_qb\Zlv ke_^mxsb_ \hafh`ghklb

¾khklZ\e_gb_ dhf[bgZpbc ^Zgguo ihemqZ_fuo ba jZaebqguo bklhqgb dh\

22

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾[ukljh_ ^h[Z\e_gb_ beb bkdexq_gb_ lh]h beb bgh]h bklhqgbdZ ^Zg guo b Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ i_j_dexq_gb_ bklhqgbdh\ ijb ihbkd_ ^Zgguo

Jbk DeZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f ih ijbagZdm

kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklb j_rZ_fuo aZ^Zq

¾mijZ\e_gb_ ^Zggufb k bkihevah\Zgb_f \hafh`ghkl_c kbkl_f mijZ\ e_gby [ZaZfb ^Zgguo

¾eh]bq_kdmx g_aZ\bkbfhklv ^Zgguo wlh]h lbiZ hl ^jm]bo [Za ^Zgguo \oh^ysbo \ ih^kbkl_fm bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby

¾Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ hlke_`b\Zgb_ ihlhdZ bgnhjfZpbb ^ey gZiheg_gby [Za ^Zgguo

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu j Za jZ[ Z l u\ Z x sb _ Z e v l _j g Z l b \ u j_ r_ gbc fh]ml [ulv fh^_evgufb beb wdki_jlgufb

Fh^ _ evgu _ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ij_^hklZ\eyxl ihevah\Z l_ex fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ klZlbklbq_kdb_ nbgZgkh\u_ b ^jm]b_ fh^_eb bk ihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjuo h[e_]qZ_l \ujZ[hldm b hp_gdm Zevl_jgZlb\ j_r_gby Ihevah\Zl_ev fh`_l ihemqblv g_^hklZxsmx _fm ^ey ijbgylby j_r_gby bgnhjfZpbx iml_f mklZgh\e_gby ^bZeh]Z k fh^_evx \ ijhp_kk_ __ bkke_ ^h\Zgby

Hkgh\gufb nmgdpbyfb fh^_evghc bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu y\ey

xlky

¾\hafh`ghklv jZ[hlu \ kj_^_ lbih\uo fZl_fZlbq_kdbo fh^_e_c \dex qZy j_r_gb_ hkgh\guo aZ^Zq fh^_ebjh\Zgby lbiZ dZd k^_eZlv qlh [u"qlh [m^_l _keb"ZgZeba qm\kl\bl_evghklb b ^j

¾^hklZlhqgh [ukljZy b Z^_d\ZlgZy bgl_jij_lZpby j_amevlZlh\ fh^_eb jh\Zgby hi_jZlb\gZy ih^]hlh\dZ b dhjj_dlbjh\dZ \oh^guo iZjZf_l jh\ b h]jZgbq_gbc fh^_eb

¾\hafh`ghklv ]jZnbq_kdh]h hlh[jZ`_gby ^bgZfbdb fh^_eb

¾\hafh`ghklv h[tykg_gby ihevah\Zl_ex g_h[oh^bfuo rZ]h\ nhjfbjh \Zgby b jZ[hlu fh^_eb

23

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

W d k i_ j l g u_ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu h[_ki_qb\Zxl \ujZ[hldm b hp_gdm \hafh`guo Zevl_jgZlb\ ihevah\Zl_e_f aZ kq_l kha^Zgby wdki_jl guo kbkl_f k\yaZgguo k h[jZ[hldhc agZgbc Wdki_jlgZy ih^^_j`dZ ijb gbfZ_fuo ihevah\Zl_e_f j_r_gbc j_Zebam_lky gZ ^\mo mjh\gyo

JZ[hlZ i _ j \h ] h mjh\gy wdki_jlghc ih^^_j`db bkoh^bl ba dhgp_i pbb lbih\uo mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc \ khhl\_lkl\bb k dhlhjhc qZklh \hagbdZxsb_ \ ijhp_kk_ mijZ\e_gby ijh[e_fgu_ kblmZpbb fh`gh k\_klb d g_dhlhjuf h^ghjh^guf deZkkZf mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc l _ d g_dhlh jhfm lbih\hfm gZ[hjm Zevl_jgZlb\ >ey j_ZebaZpbb wdki_jlghc ih^- ^_j`db gZ wlhf mjh\g_ kha^Z_lky bgnhjfZpbhgguc nhg^ ojZg_gby b ZgZ ebaZ lbih\uo Zevl_jgZlb\

?keb \hagbdrZy ijh[e_fgZy kblmZpby g_ Zkkhpbbjm_lky k bf_xsb fbky deZkkZfb lbih\uo Zevl_jgZlb\ \ jZ[hlm ^he`_g \klmiZlv \ lh jh c mjh\_gv wdki_jlghc ih^^_j`db mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc Wlhl mjh\_gv ]_g_jbjm_l Zevl_jgZlb\u gZ [Za_ bf_xsboky \ bgnhjfZpbhgghf nhg^_ ^Zgguo ijZ\be ij_h[jZah\Zgby b ijhp_^mj hp_gdb kbgl_abjh\Zgguo Zev l_jgZlb\

DE:KKBNBD:PBY BGNHJF:PBHGGUO KBKL?F IH NMGDPBHG:EVGHFM IJBAG:DM B MJH<GYF MIJ:<E?GBY

Qlh hagZqZ_l nmgdpbhgZevguc ijbagZd

Nm g d p b h g Z e v guc i j b a g Z d hij_^_ey_l gZagZq_gb_ ih^kbkl_ fu Z lZd`_ __ hkgh\gu_ p_eb aZ^Zqb b nmgdpbb KljmdlmjZ bgnhjfZpb hgghc kbkl_fu fh`_l [ulv ij_^klZ\e_gZ dZd kh\hdmighklv __ nmgdpbh gZevguo ih^kbkl_f Z nmgdpbhgZevguc ijbagZd fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zg ijb deZkkbnbdZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

< ohayckl\_gghc ijZdlbd_ ijhba\h^kl\_gguo b dhff_jq_kdbo h[t_d lh\ lbih\ufb \b^Zfb ^_yl_evghklb dhlhju_ hij_^_eyxl nmgdpbhgZevguc ijbagZd deZkkbnbdZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f y\eyxlky ijhba\h^kl \_ggZy fZjd_lbg]h\Zy nbgZgkh\Zy dZ^jh\Zy

I jh ba \ h ^k l \_g g Z y ^_yl_evghklv k\yaZgZ k g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf \uimkdhf ijh^mdpbb b gZijZ\e_gZ gZ kha^Zgb_ b \g_^j_gb_ \ ijhba\h^kl \h gZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdbo gh\r_kl\

FZ j d _ l bg]h \Zy ^_yl_evghklv \dexqZ_l \ k_[y

¾ZgZeba jugdZ ijhba\h^bl_e_c b ihlj_[bl_e_c \uimkdZ_fhc ijh^md pbb ZgZeba ijh^Z`

¾hj]ZgbaZpbx j_deZfghc dZfiZgbb ih ijh^\b`_gbx ijh^mdpbb

¾jZpbhgZevgmx hj]ZgbaZpbx fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdh]h kgZ[`_gby

Nb g Z g k h \ Z y ^_yl_evghklv k\yaZgZ k hj]ZgbaZpb_c dhgljhey b ZgZebaZ nbgZgkh\uo j_kmjkh\ nbjfu gZ hkgh\_ [mo]Zel_jkdhc klZlbklb q_kdhc hi_jZlb\ghc bgnhjfZpbb

DZ ^ jh \ Z y ^_yl_evghklv gZijZ\e_gZ gZ ih^[hj b jZkklZgh\dm g_h[oh^bfuo nbjf_ ki_pbZebklh\ Z lZd`_ \_^_gb_ kem`_[ghc ^hdmf_glZpbb ih jZaebqguf Zki_dlZf

24

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

MdZaZggu_ gZijZ\e_gby ^_yl_evghklb hij_^_ebeb lbih\hc gZ[hj bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾ijhba\h^kl\_ggu_ kbkl_fu

¾kbkl_fu fZjd_lbg]Z

¾nbgZgkh\u_ b mq_lgu_ kbkl_fu

¾kbkl_fu dZ^jh\ q_eh\_q_kdbo j_kmjkh\

¾ijhqb_ lbiu \uihegyxsb_ \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ nmgdpbb \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl ki_pbnbdb ^_yl_evghklb nbjfu

< djmiguo nbjfZo hkgh\gZy bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ nmgdpbh

gZevgh]h gZagZq_gby ih`_] khklhylv ba g_kdhevdbo ih^kbkl_f ^ey \uihe g_gby ih^nmgdpbc GZijbf_j ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ bf__l ke_^mxsb_ ih^kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby aZiZkZfb mijZ\e_gby ijhba \h^kl\_gguf ijhp_kkhf dhfivxl_jgh]h bg`bgbjbg]Z b l ^

>ey emqr_]h ihgbfZgby nmgdpbhgZevgh]h gZagZq_gby bgnhjfZpb hgguo kbkl_f \>LZ[ebpZ@ijb\_^_gu ih dZ`^hfm jZkkfhlj_gghfm \ur_ \b^m j_rZ_fu_ \ gbo lbih\u_ aZ^Zqb

LZ[ebpZ Nmgdpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

Lbiu bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

Lbi bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu aZ\bkbl hl lh]h qvb bgl_j_ku hgZ h[ kem`b\Z_l b gZ dZdhf jh\g_ mijZ\e_gby

25

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

GZ >Jbk @ ihdZaZg h^bg ba \hafh`guo \ZjbZglh\ deZkkbnbdZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f ih nmgdpbhgZevghfm ijbagZdm k mq_lhf mjh\g_c mijZ\e_gby b mjh\g_c d\ZebnbdZpbb i_jkhgZeZ

Ba>Jbk@\b^gh qlh q_f \ur_ ih agZqbfhklb mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby l_f f_gvr_ h[t_f jZ[hl \uihegy_fuo ki_pbZebklhf b f_g_^`_jhf k ih fhsvx bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu H^gZdh ijb wlhf \hajZklZxl keh`ghklv b bgl_ee_dlmZevgu_ \hafh`ghklb bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu b __ jhev \ ijbgylbb f_g_^`_jhf j_r_gbc Ex[hc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby gm`^Z_lky \ bgnhjfZpbb ba \k_o nmgdpbhgZevguo kbkl_f gh \ jZaguo h[t_fZo b k jZaghc kl_i_gvx h[h[s_gby

Jbk Lbiu bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ijbagZdZ

k mq_lhf mjh\g_c mijZ\e_gby b d\ZebnbdZpbb i_jkhgZeZ

Hkgh\Zgb_ ibjZfb^u khklZ\eyxl bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu k ih fhsvx dhlhjuo khljm^gbdb-bkihegbl_eb aZgbfZxlky hi_jZpbhgghc h[ jZ[hldhc ^Zgguo Z f_g_^`_ju gbar_]h a\_gZ – hi_jZlb\guf mijZ\e_gb _f GZ\_jom ibjZfb^u gZ mjh\g_ kljZl_]bq_kdh]h mijZ\e_gby bgnhjfZpb hggu_ kbkl_fu baf_gyxl k\hx jhev b klZgh\ylky kljZl_]bq_kdbfb ih^ ^_j`b\Zxsbfb ^_yl_evghklv f_g_^`_jh\ \ukr_]h a\_gZ ih ijbgylbx j_ r_gbc \ mkeh\byo iehohc kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklb ihklZ\e_gguo aZ^Zq

BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ hi_jZlb\gh]h hi_jZpbhggh]h mjh\gy

BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ hi_jZlb\gh]h mjh\gy ih^^_j`b\Z_l ki_ pbZebklh\-bkihegbl_e_c h[jZ[Zlu\Zy ^Zggu_ h k^_edZo b kh[ulbyo kq_ lZ gZdeZ^gu_ aZjieZlZ dj_^blu ihlhd kujvy b fZl_jbZeh\ GZagZq_gb_ BK gZ wlhf mjh\g_ – hl\_qZlv gZ aZijhku h l_dms_f khklhygbb b hlke_`b \Zlv ihlhd k^_ehd \ nbjf_ qlh khhl\_lkl\m_l hi_jZlb\ghfm mijZ\e_gbx Qlh[u k wlbf kijZ\eylvky bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ^he`gZ [ulv e_]dh ^hklmighc g_ij_ju\gh ^_ckl\mxs_c b ij_^hklZ\eylv lhqgmx bgnhjfZ pbx

26

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

AZ^Zqb p_eb b bklhqgbdb bgnhjfZpbb gZ hi_jZpbhgghf mjh\g_ aZ jZg__ hij_^_e_gu b \ \ukhdhc kl_i_gb kljmdlmjbjh\Zgu J_r_gb_ aZijh ]jZffbjh\Zgh \ khhl\_lkl\bb k aZ^Zgguf Ze]hjblfhf

BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ hi_jZlb\gh]h mjh\gy y\ey_lky k\yamxsbf a\_ghf f_`^m nbjfhc b \g_rg_c kj_^hc ?keb kbkl_fZ jZ[hlZ_l iehoh lh hj]ZgbaZpby eb[h g_ ihemqZ_l bgnhjfZpbb ba\g_ eb[h g_ \u^Z_l bgnhj fZpbx Djhf_ lh]h kbkl_fZ – wlh hkgh\ghc ihklZ\sbd bgnhjfZpbb ^ey hklZevguo lbih\ bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f \ hj]ZgbaZpbb lZd dZd kh^_j `bl b hi_jZlb\gmx b Zjob\gmx bgnhjfZpbx

Hldexq_gb_ wlhc BK ijb\_eh [u d g_h[jZlbfuf g_]Zlb\guf ih ke_^kl\byf

Ijbf_j BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu hi_jZlb\gh]h mjh\gy ‡[mo]Zel_jkdZy

‡[Zgdh\kdbo ^_ihablh\ ‡h[jZ[hldb aZdZah\; ‡j_]bkljZpbb Z\bZ[be_lh\ ‡\uieZlu aZjieZlu b l ^

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ki_pbZebklh\

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu wlh]h mjh\gy ihfh]Zxl ki_pbZebklZf jZ[hlZxsbf k ^Zggufb ih\urZxl ijh^mdlb\ghklv b ijhba\h^bl_evghklv jZ[hlu bg`_g_jh\ b ijh_dlbjh\sbdh\ AZ^ZqZ ih^h[guo bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f – bgl_]jZpby gh\uo k\_^_gbc \ hj]ZgbaZpbx b ihfhsv \ h[jZ[hld_ [mfZ`guo ^hdmf_glh\

Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd bg^mkljbZevgh_ h[s_kl\h ljZgknhjfbjm_lky \ bg nhjfZpbhggh_ ijhba\h^bl_evghklv wdhghfbdb \k_ [hevr_ [m^_l aZ\bk_lv hl mjh\gy jZa\blby wlbo kbkl_f LZdb_ kbkl_fu hkh[_ggh \ \b^_ jZ[hqbo klZgpbc b hnbkguo kbkl_f gZb[he__ [ukljh jZa\b\Zxlky k_]h^gy \ [bag_ k_

< wlhf deZkk_ bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f fh`gh \u^_eblv ^\_ ]jmiiu

¾bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu hnbkghc Z\lhfZlbaZpbb

¾bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu h[jZ[hldb agZgbc

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu h n bk ghc Z \ lh fZ lbaZ pbb \ke_^ kl\b_ k\h_c ijhklhlu b fgh]hijhnbevgh_ Zdlb\gh bkihevamxlky jZ[hlgb dZfb ex[h]h hj]ZgbaZpbhggh]h mjh\gy GZb[he__ qZklh bo ijbf_gyxl jZ [hlgbdb kj_^g_c d\ZebnbdZpbb [mo]Zel_ju k_dj_lZjb de_jdb Hkgh\gZy p_ev – h[jZ[hldZ ^Zgguo ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb bo jZ[hlu b mijhs_ gb_ dZgp_eyjkdh]h ljm^Z

BK hnbkghc Z\lhfZlbaZpbb k\yau\Zxl \h_^bgh jZ[hlgbdh\ bgnhj fZpbhgghc kn_ju \ jZaguo j_]bhgZo b ihfh]Zxl ih^^_j`b\Zlv k\yav k ih dmiZl_eyfb aZdZaqbdZfb b ^jm]bfb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb Bo ^_yl_evghklv \ hk gh\ghf ho\Zlu\Z_l mijZ\e_gb_ ^hdmf_glZpb_c dhffmgbdZpbb khklZ\e_ gb_ jZkibkZgbc b l ^ Wlb kbkl_fu \uihegyxl ke_^mxsb_ nmgdpbb

¾h[jZ[hldZ l_dklh\ gZ dhfivxl_jZo k ihfhsvx jZaebqguo l_dklh\uo ijhp_kkhjh\

27

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾ijhba\h^kl\h \ukhdhdZq_kl\_gghc i_qZlghc ijh^mdpbb

¾Zjob\Zpby ^hdmf_glh\

¾we_dljhggu_ dZe_g^Zjb b aZibkgu_ dgb`db ^ey \_^_gby ^_eh\hc bg nhjfZpbb

¾we_dljhggZy b Zm^bhihqlZ

¾\b^_h- b l_e_dhgn_j_gpbb

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu h [ j Z [ hl d b a g Z g b c \ lhf qbke_ b wdki_jlgu_ kbkl_fu \[bjZxl \ k_[y agZgby g_h[oh^bfu_ bg`_g_jZf xjbklZf mq_guf ijb jZajZ[hld_ beb kha^Zgbb gh\h]h ijh^mdlZ Bo jZ[hlZ aZdexqZ_lky \ kha^Zgbb gh\hc bgnhjfZpbb b gh\h]h agZgby LZd gZijb f_j kms_kl\mxsb_ ki_pbZebabjh\Zggu_ jZ[hqb_ klZgpbb ih bg`_- g_jghfm b gZmqghfm ijh_dlbjh\Zgbx iha\heyxl h[_ki_qblv \ukhdbc mjh \_gv l_ogbq_kdbo jZajZ[hlhd

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ^ey f_g_^`_jh\ kj_^g_]h a\_gZ

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu mjh\gy f_g_^`f_glZ bkihevamxlky jZ [hlgbdZfb kj_^g_]h mijZ\e_gq_kdh]h a\_gZ ^ey fhgblhjbg]Z ihklhyggh]h ke_`_gby dhgljhey ijbgylby j_r_gbc b Z^fbgbkljbjh\Zgby Hkgh\gu_ nmgdpbb wlbo bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾kjZ\g_gb_ l_dmsbo ihdZaZl_e_c k ijhreufb

¾khklZ\e_gb_ i_jbh^bq_kdbo hlq_lh\ aZ hij_^_e_ggh_ \j_fy Z g_ \u ^ZqZ hlq_lh\ ih l_dmsbf kh[ulbyf dZd gZ hi_jZlb\ghf mjh\g_

¾h[_ki_q_gb_ ^hklmiZ d Zjob\ghc bgnhjfZpbb b l ^

G_dhlhju_ BK h[_ki_qb\Zxl ijbgylb_ g_ljb\bZevguo j_r_gbc < kemqZ_ dh]^Z lj_[h\Zgby d bgnhjfZpbhgghfm h[_ki_q_gbx hij_^_e_gu g_ kljh]h hgb kihkh[gu hl\_qZlv gZ \hijhk qlh [m^_l _keb"

GZ wlhf mjh\g_ fh`gh \u^_eblv ^\Z lbiZ bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ ^ey f_g_^`f_glZ b kbkl_fu ih^^_j`db ijbgylby j_r_ gbc

M i j Z\ e _ g q_k d b _ B K bf_xl djZcg_ g_[hevrb_ ZgZeblbq_kdb_ \hafh`ghklb Hgb h[kem`b\Zxl mijZ\e_gp_\ dhlhju_ gm`^Zxlky \ _`_ ^g_\ghc _`_g_^_evghc bgnhjfZpbb h khklhygbb ^_e Hkgh\gh_ bo gZagZ q_gb_ khklhbl \ hlke_`b\Zgbb _`_^g_\guo hi_jZpbc \ nbjf_ b i_jbh^b q_kdhf nhjfbjh\Zgbb kljh]h kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo k\h^guo lbih\uo hlq_ lh\ BgnhjfZpby ihklmiZ_l ba bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu hi_jZpbhggh]h mjh\gy

OZjZdl_jbklbdb mijZ\e_gq_kdbo bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾bkihevamxlky ^ey ih^^_j`db ijbgylby j_r_gbc kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo b qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq gZ mjh\g_ dhgljhey aZ hi_jZpby fb

¾hjb_glbjh\Zgu gZ dhgljhev hlq_lghklv b ijbgylb_ j_r_gbc ih hi_ jZlb\ghc h[klZgh\d_

¾hibjZxlky gZ kms_kl\mxsb_ ^Zggu_ b bo ihlhdb \gmljb hj]ZgbaZpbb

¾bf_xl fZeu_ ZgZeblbq_kdb_ \hafh`ghklb b g_]b[dmx kljmdlmjm

28

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

K b k l _ f u ih ^ ^_ j ` d b i j b g y l b y j _ r_ gbc h[kem`b\Zxl qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zggu_ aZ^Zqb j_amevlZlu dhlhjuo ljm^gh kijh]gh abjh\Zlv aZjZg__ Hgb bf_xl [he__ fhsguc ZgZeblbq_kdbc ZiiZjZl k g_ kdhevdbfb fh^_eyfb BgnhjfZpbx ihemqZxl ba mijZ\e_gq_kdbo b hi_jZ pbhgguo bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f Bkihevamxl wlb kbkl_fu \k_ dhfm g_ h[oh^bfh ijbgbfZlv j_r_gb_ f_g_^`_ju ki_pbZebklu ZgZeblbdb b ij GZijbf_j bo j_dhf_g^Zpbb fh]ml ijb]h^blvky ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gby ih dmiZlv beb \aylv h[hjm^h\Zgb_ \ Zj_g^m b ij

OZjZdl_jbklbdb kbkl_f ih^^_j`db ijbgylby j_r_gbc

¾h[_ki_qb\Zxl j_r_gb_ ijh[e_f jZa\blb_ dhlhjuo ljm^gh ijh]ghab jh\Zlv

¾hkgZs_gu keh`gufb bgkljmf_glZevgufb kj_^kl\Zfb fh^_ebjh\Zgby b ZgZebaZ

¾iha\heyxl e_]dh f_gylv ihklZgh\db j_rZ_fuo aZ^Zq b \oh^gu_ ^Zg gu_

¾hlebqZxlky ]b[dhklvx b e_]dh Z^Zilbjmxlky d baf_g_gbx mkeh\bc ih g_kdhevdh jZa \ ^_gv

¾bf_xl l_ogheh]bx fZdkbfZevgh hjb_glbjh\Zggmx gZ ihevah\Zl_ey

KljZl_]bq_kdb_ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

JZa\blb_ b mki_o ex[hc hj]ZgbaZpbb nbjfu \h fgh]hf hij_^_ey xlky ijbgylhc \ g_c kljZl_]b_c Ih^ kljZl_ ]b_ c ihgbfZ_lky gZ[hj f_lh^h\ b kj_^kl\ j_r_gby i_jki_dlb\guo ^he]hkjhqguo aZ^Zq

< wlhf dhgl_dkl_ fh`gh \hkijbgbfZlv b ihgylby kljZl_]bq_kdbc f_lh^ kljZl_]bq_kdh_ kj_^kl\h kljZl_]bq_kdZy kbkl_fZ b l i < gZ klhys__ \j_fy \ k\yab k i_j_oh^hf d jughqguf hlghr_gbyf \hijhkm kljZ l_]bb jZa\blby b ih\_^_gby nbjfu klZeb m^_eylv [hevrh_ \gbfZgb_ qlh kihkh[kl\h\Zeh dhj_gghfm baf_g_gbx \h \a]ey^Zo gZ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu Hgb klZeb jZkp_gb\Zlvky dZd kljZl_]bq_kdb \Z`gu_ kbkl_fu dh lhju_ \ebyxl gZ baf_g_gb_ \u[hjZ p_e_c nbjfu __ aZ^Zq f_lh^h\ ijh ^mdlh\ mkem] iha\heyy hi_j_^blv dhgdmj_glh\ Z lZd`_ gZeZ^blv [he__ l_kgh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k ihlj_[bl_eyfb b ihklZ\sbdZfb Ihy\beky gh\uc lbi bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f – kljZl_]bq_kdbc

KljZl_]bq_kdZy bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ – dhfivxl_jgZy bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ h[_ki_qb\ZxsZy ih^^_j`dm ijbgylby j_r_gbc ih j_ZebaZpbb kljZl_]bq_kdbo i_jki_dlb\guo p_e_c jZa\blby hj]ZgbaZpbb

Ba\_klgu kblmZpbb dh]^Z gh\h_ dZq_kl\h bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f aZklZ\eyeh baf_gylv g_ lhevdh kljmdlmjm gh b ijhnbev nbjf kh^_ckl\my bo ijhp\_lZgbx H^gZdh ijb wlhf \hafh`gh \hagbdgh\_gb_ g_`_eZl_ev ghc ikboheh]bq_kdhc h[klZgh\db k\yaZggh_ k Z\lhfZlbaZpb_c g_dhlhjuo nmgdpbc b \b^h\ jZ[hl lZd dZd wlh fh`_l ihklZ\blv g_dhlhjmx qZklv kh ljm^gbdh\ b jZ[hqbo ih^ m]jham khdjZs_gby

29

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

Jbk <g_rgb_ nZdlhju \ha^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ ^_yl_evghklv nbjfu

JZkkfhljbf dZq_kl\h bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu dZd kljZl_]bq_kdh]h kj_^kl\Z ^_yl_evghklb ex[hc hj]ZgbaZpbb gZ ijbf_j_ nbjfu \uimkdZx s_c ijh^mdpbx ZgZeh]bqgmx m`_ bf_xs_cky gZ ihlj_[bl_evkdhf jugd_ < wlbo mkeh\byo g_h[oh^bfh \u^_j`Zlv dhgdmj_gpbx k ^jm]bfb nbjfZfb Qlh fh`_l ijbg_klb bkihevah\Zgb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu \ wlhc kb lmZpbb"

Qlh[u hl\_lblv gZ wlhl \hijhk gm`gh ihgylv \aZbfhk\yav nbjfu k __ \g_rgbf hdjm`_gb_f GZ >Jbk @ ihdZaZgh \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ nbjfm \g_rgbo nZdlhjh\

¾dhgdmj_glh\ ijh\h^ysbo gZ jugd_ k\hx iheblbdm

¾ihdmiZl_e_c h[eZ^Zxsbo jZagufb \hafh`ghklyfb ih ijbh[j_l_gbx lh\Zjh\ b mkem]

¾ihklZ\sbdh\ dhlhju_ ijh\h^yl k\hx p_gh\mx iheblbdm

NbjfZ fh`_l h[_ki_qblv k_[_ dhgdmj_glgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h _keb [m ^_l mqblu\Zlv wlb nZdlhju b ijb^_j`b\Zlvky ke_^mxsbo kljZl_]bc

¾kha^Zgb_ gh\uo lh\Zjh\ b mkem] dhlhju_ \u]h^gh hlebqZxlky hl ZgZ eh]bqguo

¾hlukdZgb_ jugdh\ ]^_ lh\Zju b mkem]b nbjfu h[eZ^Zxl jy^hf hleb qbl_evguo ijbagZdh\ ih kjZ\g_gbx k m`_ bf_xsbfbky lZf ZgZeh]Z fb

¾kha^Zgb_ lZdbo k\ya_c dhlhju_ aZdj_ieyxl ihdmiZl_e_c b ihklZ\sb dh\ aZ ^Zgghc nbjfhc b ^_eZxl g_\u]h^guf h[jZs_gb_ d ^jm]hc

¾kgb`_gb_ klhbfhklb ijh^mdpbb [_a ms_j[Z dZq_kl\Z

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu kljZl_]bq_kdh]h mjh\gy ihfh]Zxl \uk r_fm a\_gm mijZ\e_gp_\ j_rZlv g_kljmdlmjbjh\Zggu_ aZ^Zqb ih^h[gu_ hibkZgguf \ur_ hkms_kl\eylv ^he]hkjhqgh_ ieZgbjh\Zgb_ Hkgh\gZy aZ ^ZqZ – kjZ\g_gb_ ijhbkoh^ysbo \h \g_rg_f hdjm`_gbb baf_g_gbc k km s_kl\mxsbf ihl_gpbZehf nbjfu Hgb ijba\Zgu kha^Zlv h[smx kj_^m dhfivxl_jghc b l_e_dhffmgbdZpbhgghc ih^^_j`db j_r_gbc \ g_h`b^Zg gh \hagbdZxsbo kblmZpbyo Bkihevamy kZfu_ kh\_jr_ggu_ ijh]jZffu wlb kbkl_fu kihkh[gu \ ex[hc fhf_gl ij_^hklZ\blv bgnhjfZpbx ba fgh ]bo bklhqgbdh\ >ey g_dhlhjuo kljZl_]bq_kdbo kbkl_f oZjZdl_jgu h]jZ gbq_ggu_ ZgZeblbq_kdb_ \hafh`ghklb

GZ ^Zgghf hj]ZgbaZpbhgghf mjh\g_ BK b]jZxl \kihfh]Zl_evgmx jhev b bkihevamxlky dZd kj_^kl\h hi_jZlb\gh]h ij_^hklZ\e_gby f_g_^`_ jm g_h[oh^bfhc bgnhjfZpbb ^ey ijbgylby j_r_gbc

30