Информационные системы и технологии

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

xlky j_r_gby hi_jZlb\gh Ijb mijZ\e_gbb g_h[oh^bfh lZd`_ mqblu\Zlv ^bgZfbdm j_ZebaZpbb ijbgbfZ_fuo j_r_gbc qlh iha\hey_l jZkkfZljb \Zlv mijZ\e_gb_ ih^ m]ehf \j_f_ggh]h nZdlhjZ

GZ>Jbk@hlh[jZ`_gu ljb mjh\gy mijZ\e_gby dhlhju_ khhlg_k_gu k lZdbfb nZdlhjZfb dZd kl_i_gv \hajZklZgby \eZklb hl\_lkl\_gghklb keh`ghklb j_rZ_fuo aZ^Zq Z lZd`_ ^bgZfbdZ ijbgylby j_r_gbc ih j_Z ebaZpbb aZ^Zq

Jbk IbjZfb^Z mjh\g_c mijZ\e_gby hljZ`ZxsZy \hajZklZgb_ \eZklb

hl\_lkl\_gghklb keh`ghklb b ^bgZfbdm ijbgylby j_r_gbc

H i _ jZ p b h g g u c gb`gbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby h[_ki_qb\Z_l j_ r_gb_ fgh]hdjZlgh ih\lhjyxsboky aZ^Zq b hi_jZpbc b [ukljh_ j_Z]bjh \Zgb_ gZ baf_g_gby \oh^ghc l_dms_c bgnhjfZpbb GZ wlhf mjh\g_ ^hklZ lhqgh \_ebdb dZd h[t_f \uihegy_fuo hi_jZpbc lZd b ^bgZfbdZ ijbgylby mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc Wlhl mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby qZklh gZau\Zxl h i _ j Zl b \ g uf ba-aZ g_h[oh^bfhklb [ukljh]h j_Z]bjh\Zgby gZ baf_g_gb_ kblmZpbb GZ mjh\g_ hi_jZlb\gh]h hi_jZpbhggh]h mijZ\e_gby [hevrhc h[t_f aZgbfZxl mq_lgu_ aZ^Zqb

Ijbf_j G_dhlhju_ mq_lgu_ aZ^Zqb ‡mq_l dhebq_kl\Z ijh^Zgghc ijh^mdpbb

‡mq_l aZljZl \j_f_gb kujvy b fZl_jbZeh\ ijb \uiheg_gbb hl^_evguo ijhba\h^kl\_gguo hi_jZpbc

‡mq_l ijhba\_^_gghc ijh^mdpbb ‡[mo]Zel_jkdbc mq_l b l ^

N m g d p b h g Z e v guc lZdlbq_kdbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby h[_ki_qb\Z_l j_r_gb_ aZ^Zq lj_[mxsbo ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h ZgZebaZ bgnhjfZpbb ih^]hlh\e_gghc gZ i_j\hf mjh\g_ GZ wlhf mjh\g_ [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ ijbh[j_lZ_l lZdZy nmgdpby mijZ\e_gby dZd ZgZeba H[t_f j_rZ_fuo aZ^Zq mf_gvrZ_lky gh \hajZklZ_l bo keh`ghklv Ijb wlhf g_ \k_]^Z m^Z_lky \ujZ[hlZlv gm`gh_ j_r_gb_ hi_jZlb\gh lj_[m_lky ^hihegbl_evgh_ \j_fy gZ ZgZeba hkfuke_gb_ k[hj g_^hklZxsbo k\_^_gbc b l i MijZ\e_gb_ k\yaZgh k g_dhlhjhc aZ^_j`dhc hl fhf_glZ

11

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

gh k g_dhlhjhc aZ^_j`dhc hl fhf_glZ ihklmie_gby bgnhjfZpbb ^h ijbgy lby j_r_gbc b bo j_ZebaZpbb Z lZd`_ hl fhf_glZ j_ZebaZpbb j_r_gbc ^h ihemq_gby j_Zdpbb gZ gbo

Ijbf_j GZ hkgh\Zgbb ZgZebaZ klZlbklbq_kdbo ^Zgguo ih kijhkm gZ ijh^mdpbx h p_gZo dhgdmj_glh\ b ij ijh]ghabjm_lky ijb[uev b jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lky ieZg \uimkdZ ijh^mdpbb gZ [eb`Zcrbc i_jbh^ g_ ^_ex f_kyp d\ZjlZe J_amevlZlu ijbgbfZ_fuo mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_ r_gbc ijhy\eyxlky kimkly g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy

K l j Z l _ ] b q _ k d b c mjh\_gv h[_ki_qb\Z_l \ujZ[hldm mijZ\e_gq_ kdbo j_r_gbc gZijZ\e_gguo gZ ^hklb`_gb_ ^he]hkjhqguo kljZl_]bq_kdbo p_e_c hj]ZgbaZpbb Ihkdhevdm j_amevlZlu ijbgbfZ_fuo j_r_gbc ijhy\ eyxlky kimkly ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy hkh[h_ agZq_gb_ gZ wlhf mjh\g_ bf__l lZdZy nmgdpby mijZ\e_gby dZd kljZl_]bq_kdh_ ieZgbjh\Zgb_ Ijhqb_ nmgdpbb mijZ\e_gby gZ wlhf mjh\g_ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy jZajZ[hlZgu g_ ^hklZlhqgh ihegh QZklh kljZl_]bq_kdbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby gZau\Zxl k l jZ l_ ] bq_ k db f beb ^ h e ] h kj h q g uf ie Z g bj h \Z g b _ f IjZ \hf_jghklv ijbgylh]h gZ wlhf mjh\g_ j_r_gby fh`_l [ulv ih^l\_j`^_gZ kimkly ^hklZlhqgh ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy Fh]ml ijhclb f_kypu beb ]h^u Hl \_lkl\_gghklv aZ ijbgylb_ mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc qj_a\uqZcgh \_ebdZ b hij_^_ey_lky g_ lhevdh j_amevlZlZfb ZgZebaZ k bkihevah\Zgb_f fZl_fZlb q_kdh]h b ki_pbZevghc ZiiZjZlZ gh b ijhn_kkbhgZevghc bglmbpb_c f_ g_^`_jh\

Ijbf_j GZ hkgh\Zgbb ZgZebaZ nbgZgkh\h]h khklhygby nbjfu ijbgbfZxlky j_r_gby h[ m\_ebq_gbb mf_gvr_gbb kgylbb k ijh^Z`b ijhba\h^bfhc ijh^mdpbb h ijb\e_q_gbb ^hihegbl_evguo jZ[hlgbdh\ beb h[ bo khdjZs_gbb

I_jkhgZe hj]ZgbaZpbb

I_jkhgZe hj]ZgbaZpbb – khljm^gbdb jZaghc kl_i_gb d\ZebnbdZpbb b mjh\g_c mijZ\e_gby – hl k_dj_lZj_c \uihegyxsbo ijhkl_crb_ lbih\u_ hi_jZpbb h[jZ[hldb ^h ki_pbZebklh\ b f_g_^`_jh\ ijbgbfZxsbo kljZ l_]bq_kdb_ j_r_gby GZ >Jbk @ ihdZaZgh khhl\_lkl\b_ jZaguo mjh\g_c d\ZebnbdZpbb i_jkhgZeZ mjh\gyf mijZ\e_gby

¾gZ \_jog_f kljZl_]bq_kdhf mjh\g_ mijZ\e_gby – f_g_^`_ju \ukr_]h a\_gZ jmdh\h^kl\Z hj]ZgbaZpbb ]eZ\Z nbjfu b _]h aZf_klbl_eb Hk gh\gZy bo aZ^ZqZ – kljZl_]bq_kdh_ ieZgbjh\Zgb_ ^_yl_evghklb nbjfu gZ jugd_ b dhhj^bgZpby \gmljbnbjf_gghc lZdlbdb mijZ\e_gby

¾gZ kj_^g_f nmgdpbhgZevghf mjh\g_ – f_g_^`_ju kj_^g_]h a\_gZ b ki_pbZebklu gZqZevgbdb kem`[ hl^_eh\ p_oh\ gZqZevgbd kf_gu mqZkldZ gZmqgu_ khljm^gbdb b l i Hkgh\gZy aZ^ZqZ – lZdlbq_kdh_ mijZ\e_gb_ nbjfhc ijb j_r_gbb hkgh\guo nmgdpbc \ aZ^Zgghc kn_j_ ^_yl_evghklb

¾gZ gb`g_f hi_jZpbhgghf mjh\g_ – bkihegbl_eb b f_g_^`_ju gba r_]h a\_gZ [jb]Z^bju bg`_g_ju hl\_lkl\_ggu_ bkihegbl_eb fZk

12

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

l_jZ ghjfbjh\sbdb l_ogbdb eZ[hjZglu b l i Hkgh\gZy aZ^ZqZ – hi_jZlb\gh_ j_Z]bjh\Zgb_ gZ baf_g_gb_ kblmZpbb GZ \k_o mjh\gyo mijZ\e_gby jZ[hlZxl dZd f_g_^`_ju hkms_kl\eyxsb_ lhevdh h[sb_ nmgdpbb lZd b f_g_^`_ju-ki_pbZebklu dhlhju_ j_Zebamxl nmgdpbb mijZ\e_gby \ kn_j_ k\h_c dhfi_l_gpbb

Jbk D\ZebnbdZpby i_jkhgZeZ ih mjh\gyf mijZ\e_gby

Ijbf_j =eZ\guc bg`_g_j hj]ZgbaZpbb f_g_^`_j-ki_pbZebkl i_j_^Ze qZklv k\hbo nmgdpbc f_g_^`_jZf kj_^g_]h mjh\gy gZijbf_j ]eZ\ghfm wg_j]_lbdm ]eZ\ghfm f_oZgbdm ]eZ\ghfm we_dljbdm hklZ\b\ aZ kh[hc h[sb_ nmgdpbb mijZ\e_gby wlbfb kem`[Zfb g_ \f_rb\Zykv \ bo ^_yl_evghklv gZ hi_jZlb\ghf mjh\g_

Ijhqb_ we_f_glu hj]ZgbaZpbb

Kl Z g ^ Zj l g u_ i j h p_ ^mj u \ hj]ZgbaZpbb – lhqgh hij_^_e_g gu_ ijZ\beZ \uiheg_gby aZ^Zgbc \ jZaebqguo kblmZpbyo Hgb ho\Zlu\Zxl \k_ klhjhgu nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby hj]ZgbaZpbb gZqbgZy hl l_ogheh]bq_kdbo hi_jZpbc ih khklZ\e_gbx ^hdmf_glh\ gZ ijhba\h^bfmx ijh^mdpbx b dhg qZy jZa[hjhf `Zeh[ ihlj_[bl_e_c

Km [ d m e v l m j Z ex[hc hj]ZgbaZpbb – kh\hdmighklv ij_^klZ\e_gbc ijbgpbih\ lbih\ ih\_^_gby Hkh[mx jhev b]jZ_l \Z`gZy __ khklZ\eyxsZy

– bgnhjfZpbhggZy dmevlmjZ ki_pbZebklZ Wlh lZd`_ ^he`gh gZclb hljZ `_gb_ \ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_

Ijbf_j < nbjf_ ij_^hklZ\eyxs_c lmjbklbq_kdb_ mkem]b ijb gylh ke_^mxs__ ijZ\beh – deb_gl h[kem`b\Z_lky \ ihjy^d_ hq_j_^gh klb AgZqbl b bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ^he`gZ h[jZ[Zlu\Zlv b \u^Z \Zlv bgnhjfZpbx ZgZebabjmy \j_fy ihklmie_gby aZy\db deb_glZ

Kms_kl\m_l \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklv f_`^m kljZl_]b_c ijZ\beZfb ijh p_^mjZfb hj]ZgbaZpbb b ZiiZjZlghc ijh]jZffghc l_e_dhffmgbdZpbhg ghc qZklyfb bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu Ihwlhfm hq_gv \Z`gh gZ wlZi_

13

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

\g_^j_gby b ijh_dlbjh\Zgby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f Zdlb\gh_ mqZklb_ f_g_^`_jh\ hij_^_eyxsbo djm] ij_^iheZ]Z_fuo ^ey j_r_gby ijh[e_f aZ^Zq b nmgdpbc ih k\h_c ij_^f_lghc h[eZklb

Ke_^m_l aZf_lblv lZd`_ qlh bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu kZfb ih k_[_ ^hoh^Z g_ ijbghkyl gh fh]ml kihkh[kl\h\Zlv _]h ihemq_gbx Hgb fh]ml hdZaZlvky ^hjh]bfb b _keb bo kljmdlmjZ b kljZl_]by bkihevah\Zgby g_ [u eb lsZl_evgh ijh^mfZgu ^Z`_ [_kihe_agufb <g_^j_gb_ bgnhjfZpbhg guo kbkl_f k\yaZgh k g_h[oh^bfhklvx Z\lhfZlbaZpbb nmgdpbc jZ- [hlgbdh\ Z agZqbl kihkh[kl\m_l bo \uk\h[h`^_gbx Fh]ml lZd`_ ihke_ ^h\Zlv [hevrb_ hj]ZgbaZpbhggu_ baf_g_gby \ kljmdlmj_ nbjfu dhlhju_ _keb g_ mql_g q_eh\_q_kdbc nZdlhj b g_ \u[jZgZ khpbZevgZy b ikboheh]b q_kdZy iheblbdZ qZklh ijhoh^yl hq_gv ljm^gh b [he_ag_ggh

IJBF?JU BGNHJF:PBHGGUO KBKL?F

BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ih hlukdZgbx jughqguo gbr Ijb ihdmid_ lh\Zjh\ \ g_dhlhjuo nbjfZo bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ j_]bkljb jm_l ^Zggu_ h ihdmiZl_e_ qlh iha\hey_l

¾hij_^_eylv ]jmiiu ihdmiZl_e_c bo khklZ\ b aZijhku Z aZl_f hjb_g lbjh\Zlvky \ k\h_c kljZl_]bb gZ gZb[he__ fgh]hqbke_ggmx ]jmiim

¾ihkueZlv ihl_gpbZevguf ihdmiZl_eyf jZaebqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby j_d eZfm gZihfbgZgby

¾ij_^hklZ\eylv ihklhygguf ihdmiZl_eyf lh\Zju b mkem]b \ dj_^bl kh

kdb^dhc k hlkjhqdhc ieZl_`_c

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu mkdhjyxsb_ ihlhdb lh\Zjh\ Ij_^

iheh`bf nbjfZ ki_pbZebabjm_lky gZ ihklZ\dZo ijh^mdlh\ \ hij_^_e_ggh_ mqj_`^_gb_ gZijbf_j \ [hevgbpm DZd ba\_klgh bf_lv [hevrb_ aZiZku ijh^mdlh\ gZ kdeZ^Zo nbjfu hq_gv g_\u]h^gh Z g_ bf_lv bo g_\hafh`gh >ey lh]h qlh[u gZclb hilbfZevgh_ j_r_gb_ wlhc ijh[e_fu nbjfZ mklZ gZ\eb\Z_l l_jfbgZeu \ h[kem`b\Z_fhf mqj_`^_gbb b ih^dexqZ_l bo d bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_ AZdZaqbd ijyfh k l_jfbgZeZ \\h^bl k\hb ih`_ eZgby ih ij_^hklZ\ey_fhfm _fm dZlZeh]m Wlb ^Zggu_ ihklmiZxl \ bg nhjfZpbhggmx kbkl_fm ih mq_lm aZdZah\

F_g_^`_ju ^_eZy \u[hjdb ih ihklmib\rbf aZdZaZf ijbgbfZxl hi_jZlb\gu_ mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ j_r_gby ih ^hklZ\d_ aZdZaqbdm gm`gh]h lh \ZjZ aZ dhjhldbc ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb LZdbf h[jZahf wdhghfylky h]jhf gu_ ^_gv]b gZ ojZg_gb_ lh\Zjh\ mkdhjy_lky b mijhsZ_lky ihlhd lh\Zjh\ hlke_`b\Zxlky ihlj_[ghklb ihdmiZl_e_c

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ih kgb`_gbx ba^_j`_d ijhba\h^kl\Z

Wlb bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu hlke_`b\Zy \k_ nZau ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h ijhp_kkZ kihkh[kl\mxl memqr_gbx mijZ\e_gby b dhgljhey [he__ jZpbh gZevghfm ieZgbjh\Zgbx b bkihevah\Zgbx i_jkhgZeZ b dZd ke_^kl\b_ kgb`_gbx k_[_klhbfhklb ijhba\h^bfhc ijh^mdpbb b mkem]

14

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

Ijbf_j BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ mklZgh\e_ggZy \ nbjf_ ih k^Z q_ Z\lhfZrbg \gZ_f hlke_`b\Z_l f_klhgZoh`^_gb_ klhbfhklv b l_ogbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ iZjdZ ijhdZlguo fZrbg Wlh iha\hey_l fbgb fbabjh\Zlv ihl_jb hl ijhklhy b imklh]h ijh]hgZ ^ey dZ`^hc Z\lhfZ rbgu i_j_jZkij_^_eyy ij_^eh`_gby kh]eZkgh kijhkm

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu Z\lhfZlbaZpbb l_ogheh]bb f_ g_^`f_gl mklmihd Kmlv wlhc l_ogheh]bb khklhbl \ lhf qlh _keb ^hoh^

nbjfu hklZ_lky \ jZfdZo j_glZ[_evghklb ihlj_[bl_ex ^_eZxlky jZagu_ kdb^db \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl dhebq_kl\Z b ^ebl_evghklb dhgljZdlh\ < wlhf kemqZ_ ihlj_[bl_ev klZgh\blky aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \h \aZbfh^_ckl\bb k nbj- fhc Z nbjfZ l_f kZfuf ijb\e_dZ_l ^hihegbl_evgh_ qbkeh deb_glh\ ?keb `_ deb_gl g_ `_eZ_l \aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlv k ^Zgghc nbjfhc b i_j_oh^bl gZ h[kem`b\Zgb_ d ^jm]hc lh _]h aZljZlu fh]ml \hajZklb ba-aZ ihl_jb ij_ ^hklZ\ey_fuo _fm jZg__ kdb^hd

Ijbf_j BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ih ijh^Z`_ Z\bZ[be_lh\ iha\h ey_l ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv Zjob\gu_ ^Zggu_ aZ fgh]b_ ]h^u hp_gblv i_j ki_dlb\u gZiheg_gby kZehgZ gZagZqblv jZamfgmx p_gm gZ dZ`^h_ f_ klh kgbablv dhebq_kl\h g_ijh^Zgguo [be_lh\ b ij HgZ j_a_j\bjm_l dZ`^h_ f_klh gZ kZfhe_l \ KR: aZ ljb f_kypZ ^h ihe_lZ jZaZ l _ ^\Z f_klZ j_a_j\bjmxlky aZ lj_fy iZkkZ`bjZfb

Ijbf_j BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ [ZgdZ h[_ki_qb\Z_l \k_ \b^u hieZl ih kq_lZf _]h deb_glh\ HgZ mfure_ggh k^_eZgZ g_kh\f_klbfhc k bgnhjfZpbhggufb kbkl_fZfb ^jm]bo [Zgdh\ LZdbf h[jZahf deb_gl ihiZ^Z_l \ djm] mkem] [ZgdZ ba dhlhjh]h _fm ljm^gh \uclb < h[f_g [Zgd ij_^eZ]Z_l _fm jZaebqgu_ kdb^db b [_kieZlgu_ mkem]b

15

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

KLJMDLMJ: B DE:KKBNBD:PBY BGNHJF:PBHGGUO KBKL?F

KLJMDLMJ: BGNHJF:PBHGGHC KBKL?FU

Lbiu h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ih^kbkl_f

Kljmdlmjm bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu khklZ\ey_l kh\hdmighklv hl ^_evguo __ qZkl_c gZau\Z_fuo i h ^ k b k l _ f Z f b.

Ih^kbkl_fZ – wlh qZklv kbkl_fu \u^_e_ggZy ih dZdhfm-eb[h ijbagZdm

H[smx kljmdlmjm bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd kh\hdmighklv ih^kbkl_f g_aZ\bkbfh hl kn_ju ijbf_g_gby < wlhf kemqZ_ ]h\hjyl h k l j m dl mj gh f ij b a g Z d _ deZkkbnbdZpbb Z ih^kbk l_fu gZau\Zxl h [ _ k i _q b\ Zx sb f b LZdbf h[jZahf kljmdlmjZ ex[hc bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu fh`_l [ulv ij_^klZ\e_gZ kh\hdmighklvx h[_k i_qb\Zxsbo ih^kbkl_f>Jbk ].

Jbk KljmdlmjZ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu dZd kh\hdmighklv

h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ih^kbkl_f

Kj_^b h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ih^kbkl_f h[uqgh \u^_eyxl bgnhjfZpbhg gh_ l_ogbq_kdh_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ ijh]jZffgh_ hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ b ijZ \h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_

BgnhjfZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_

GZagZq_gb_ ih^kbkl_fu bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby khklhbl \ k\h_\j_f_gghf nhjfbjh\Zgbb b \u^Zq_ ^hklh\_jghc bgnhjfZpbb ^ey ijbgylby mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc

BgnhjfZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ – kh\hdmighklv _^bghc kbkl_fu deZkkbnbdZpbb b dh^bjh\Zgby bgnhjfZpbb mgbnbpbjh\Zgguo kbkl_f ^hdmf_glZpbb ko_f bgnhjfZpbhgguo ihlhdh\ pbjdmeb jmxsbo \ hj]ZgbaZpbb Z lZd`_ f_lh^heh]by ihkljh_gby [Za ^Zg guo

16

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

M g b n b p b j h \ Z g g u _ k b k l _ fu ^ h d m f _ g l Z p b b kha^Zxlky gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf j_kim[ebdZgkdhf hljZke_\hf b j_]bhgZevghf mjh\ gyo =eZ\gZy p_ev – wlh h[_ki_q_gb_ khihklZ\bfhklb ihdZaZl_e_c jZaebq guo kn_j h[s_kl\_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z JZajZ[hlZgu klZg^Zjlu ]^_ mklZ gZ\eb\Zxlky lj_[h\Zgby

¾d mgbnbpbjh\Zgguf kbkl_fZf ^hdmf_glZpbb

¾d mgbnbpbjh\Zgguf nhjfZf ^hdmf_glh\ jZaebqguo mjh\g_c mijZ\ e_gby

¾d khklZ\m b kljmdlmj_ j_d\bablh\ b ihdZaZl_e_c

¾d ihjy^dm \g_^j_gby \_^_gby b j_]bkljZpbb mgbnbpbjh\Zgguo nhjf ^hdmf_glh\

H^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ mgbnbpbjh\Zgghc kbkl_fu ^h

dmf_glZpbb ijb h[ke_^h\Zgbb [hevrbgkl\Z hj]ZgbaZpbc ihklhyggh \uy\ ey_lky p_euc dhfie_dk lbibqgu_ g_^hklZldh\

¾qj_a\uqZcgh [hevrhc h[t_f ^hdmf_glh\ ^ey jmqghc h[jZ[hldb

¾h^gb b l_ `_ ihdZaZl_eb qZklh ^m[ebjmxlky \ jZaguo ^hdmf_glZo

¾jZ[hlZ k [hevrbf dhebq_kl\hf ^hdmf_glh\ hl\e_dZ_l ki_pbZebklh\ hl j_r_gby g_ihkj_^kl\_gguo aZ^Zq

¾bf_xlky ihdZaZl_eb dhlhju_ kha^Zxlky gh g_ bkihevamxlky b ^j Ihwlhfm mkljZg_gb_ mdZaZgguo g_^hklZldh\ y\ey_lky h^ghc ba aZ^Zq

klhysbo ijb kha^Zgbb bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby

K o _ fu b g n h j f Z p b h g g u o ih lh dh \ hljZ`Zxl fZjrjmlu ^\b`_gby bgnhjfZpbb b __ h[t_fu f_klZ \hagbdgh\_gby i_j\bqghc bg nhjfZpbb b bkihevah\Zgby j_amevlZlghc bgnhjfZpbb AZ kq_l ZgZebaZ kljmdlmju ih^h[guo ko_f fh`gh \ujZ[hlZlv f_ju ik kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx \k_c kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby

Ijbf_j < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ ijhkl_cr_c ko_fu ihlhdh\ ^Zgguo fh`gh ijb\_klb ko_fm ]^_ hljZ`_gu \k_ wlZiu ijhoh`^_gby kem`_[ ghc aZibkdb beb aZibkb \ [Za_ ^Zgguo h ijb_f_ gZ jZ[hlm khljm^gbdZ

– hl fhf_glZ __ kha^Zgby ^h \uoh^Z ijbdZaZ h _]h aZqbke_gbb gZ jZ[h lm

Ihkljh_gb_ ko_f bgnhjfZpbhgguo ihlhdh\ iha\heyxsbo \uy\blv h[t_fu bgnhjfZpbb b ijh\_klb __ ^_lZevguc ZgZeba h[_ki_qb\Z_l

¾bkdexq_gb_ ^m[ebjmxs_c b g_bkihevam_fhc bgnhjfZpbb

¾deZkkbnbdZpbx b jZpbhgZevgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ bgnhjfZpbb

Ijb wlhf ih^jh[gh ^he`gu jZkkfZljb\Zlvky \hijhku \aZbfhk\yab ^\b`_gby bgnhjfZpbb ih mjh\gyf mijZ\e_gby kf >Jbk @ Ke_^m_l \u y\blv dZdb_ ihdZaZl_eb g_h[oh^bfu ^ey ijbgylby mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_ gbc Z dZdb_ g_l D dZ`^hfm bkihegbl_ex ^he`gZ ihklmiZlv lhevdh lZ bg nhjfZpby dhlhjZy bkihevam_lky

F_ l h ^h eh ]by i h k lj h_ g b y [ Z a ^ Z g g u o [Zabjm_lky gZ l_h j_lbq_kdbo hkgh\Zo bo ijh_dlbjh\Zgby >ey ihgbfZgby dhgp_ipbb f_lh ^heh]bb ijb\_^_f hkgh\gu_ __ b^_b \ \b^_ ^\mo ihke_^h\Zl_evgh j_Zeb am_fuo gZ ijZdlbd_ wlZih\

17

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

1-c wlZi – h[ke_^h\Zgb_ \k_o nmgdpbhgZevguo ih^jZa^_e_gbc nbj fu k p_evx

¾ihgylv ki_pbnbdm b kljmdlmjm __ ^_yl_evghklb

¾ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv kms_kl\mxsmx kbkl_fm ^hdmf_glhh[hjhlZ

hij_^_eblv bgnhjfZpbhggu_ h[t_dlu b khhl\_lkl\mxsbc khklZ\ j_ d\bablh\ iZjZf_ljh\ oZjZdl_jbklbd hibku\Zxsbo bo k\hckl\Z b gZagZ q_gb_

2-c wlZi – ihkljh_gb_ dhgp_ilmZevghc bgnhjfZpbhggh-eh]bq_kdhc fh^_eb ^Zgguo ^ey h[ke_^h\Zgghc gZ -f wlZi_ kn_ju ^_yl_evghklb < wlhc fh^_eb ^he`gu [ulv ihgh\e_gu b hilbfbabjh\Zgu \k_ k\yab f_`^m h[t_dlZfb b bo j_d\bablZfb BgnhjfZpbhggh-eh]bq_kdZy fh^_ev y\ey_lky nmg^Zf_glhf gZ dhlhjhf [m^_l kha^ZgZ [ZaZ ^Zgguo

>ey kha^Zgby bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby g_h[oh^bfh

¾ykgh_ ihgbfZgb_ p_e_c aZ^Zq nmgdpbc \k_c kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby hj ]ZgbaZpb_c

¾\uy\e_gb_ ^\b`_gby bgnhjfZpbb hl fhf_glZ \hagbdgh\_gby b ^h __ bkihevah\Zgby gZ jZaebqguo mjh\gyo mijZ\e_gby ij_^klZ\e_gghc ^ey ZgZebaZ \ \b^_ ko_f bgnhjfZpbhgguo ihlhdh\

¾kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ kbkl_fu ^hdmf_glhh[hjhlZ

¾gZebqb_ b bkihevah\Zgb_ kbkl_fu deZkkbnbdZpbb b dh^bjh\Zgby

¾\eZ^_gb_ f_lh^heh]b_c kha^Zgby dhgp_ilmZevguo bgnhjfZpbhggh- eh]bq_kdbo fh^_e_c hljZ`Zxsbo \aZbfhk\yav bgnhjfZpbb

¾kha^Zgb_ fZkkb\h\ bgnhjfZpbb gZ fZrbgguo ghkbl_eyo qlh lj_[m_l gZebqby kh\j_f_ggh]h l_ogbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby

L_ogbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_

L_ogbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ – dhfie_dk l_ogbq_kdbo kj_^kl\ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZ[hlu bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu Z lZd`_ khhl\_lkl\mxsZy ^hdmf_glZpby gZ wlb kj_^kl\Z b l_ogheh]bq_ kdb_ ijhp_kku

D h f i e _ d k l_ogbq _ k d b o kj _^k l \ khklZ\eyxl

¾dhfivxl_ju ex[uo fh^_e_c

¾mkljhckl\Z k[hjZ gZdhie_gby h[jZ[hldb i_j_^Zqb b \u\h^Z bgnhj fZpbb

¾mkljhckl\Z i_j_^Zqb ^Zgguo b ebgbc k\yab

¾hj]l_ogbdZ b mkljhckl\Z Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h kt_fZ bgnhjfZpbb

¾wdkiemZlZpbhggu_ fZl_jbZeu b ^j

>h d m f _ g l Z p b _ c hnhjfeyxlky ij_^\Zjbl_evguc \u[hj l_ogb q_kdbo kj_^kl\ hj]ZgbaZpby bo wdkiemZlZpbb l_ogheh]bq_kdbc ijhp_kk h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo l_ogheh]bq_kdh_ hkgZs_gb_ >hdmf_glZpbx fh`gh mk eh\gh jZa^_eblv gZ ljb ]jmiiu

¾h[s_kbkl_fgmx \dexqZxsmx ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ b hljZke_\u_ klZg ^Zjlu ih l_ogbq_kdhfm h[_ki_q_gbx

18

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

¾ki_pbZebabjh\Zggmx kh^_j`Zsmx dhfie_dk f_lh^bd ih \k_f wlZiZf jZajZ[hldb l_ogbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby

¾ghjfZlb\gh-kijZ\hqgmx bkihevam_fmx ijb \uiheg_gbb jZkq_lh\ ih l_ogbq_kdhfm h[_ki_q_gbx

D gZklhys_fm \j_f_gb keh`bebkv ^\_ hkgh\gu_ nhjfu hj]ZgbaZpbb l_ogbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby nhjfu bkihevah\Zgby l_ogbq_kdbo kj_^kl\

p_gljZebah\ZggZy b qZklbqgh beb iheghklvx ^_p_gljZebah\ZggZy

P _ g l j Z e b a h \ Z g g h _ l_ogbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ [Zabjm_lky gZ bk ihevah\Zgbb \ kbkl_f_ [hevrbo W<F b \uqbkebl_evguo p_gljh\

> _ p _ g l j Z e b a Z p b y l_ogbq_kdbo kj_^kl\ ij_^iheZ]Z_l j_ZebaZ pbx nmgdpbhgZevguo ih^kbkl_f gZ i_jkhgZevguo dhfivxl_jZo g_ihkj_^ kl\_ggh gZ jZ[hqbo f_klZo

I_jki_dlb\guf ih^oh^hf ke_^m_l kqblZlv ih-\b^bfhfm q Zk l b q g h ^_ p_ glj Z ebah \Z g guc ih^oh^ – hj]ZgbaZpbx l_ogbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby gZ [Za_ jZkij_^_e_gguo k_l_c khklhysbo ba i_jkhgZevguo dhfivxl_jh\ b [hevrhc W<F ^ey ojZg_gby [Za ^Zgguo h[sbo ^ey ex[uo nmgdpbhgZevguo ih^kbkl_f

FZl_fZlbq_kdh_ b ijh]jZffgh_ h[_ki_q_gb_

FZl_fZlbq_kdh_ b ijh]jZffgh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ – kh\hdmighklv fZl_fZlbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ fh^_e_c Ze]hjblfh\ b ijh]jZff ^ey j_ZebaZpbb p_e_c b aZ^Zq bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu Z lZd`_ ghjfZevgh]h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby dhfie_dkZ l_ogbq_kdbo kj_^kl\

D kj_^kl\Zf fZ l_ f Z l b q_ k d h ] h h [ _k i _q _ g b y hlghkylky

¾kj_^kl\Z fh^_ebjh\Zgby ijhp_kkh\ mijZ\e_gby

¾lbih\u_ aZ^Zqb mijZ\e_gby

¾f_lh^u fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby fZl_fZlbq_kdhc klZlb klbdb l_hjbb fZkkh\h]h h[kem`b\Zgby b ^j

< khklZ\ ij h ] j Zf f g h ] h h [ _k i_ q_ g b y \oh^yl h[s_kbkl_fgu_ b ki_pbZevgu_ ijh]jZffgu_ ijh^mdlu Z lZd`_ l_ogbq_kdZy ^hdmf_glZ pby

D h [ s_ k bk l_f g h f m ijh]jZffghfm h[_ki_q_gbx hlghkylky dhfie_dku ijh]jZff hjb_glbjh\Zgguo gZ ihevah\Zl_e_c b ij_^gZagZq_g guo ^ey j_r_gby lbih\uo aZ^Zq h[jZ[hldb bgnhjfZpbb Hgb kem`Zl ^ey jZkrbj_gby nmgdpbhgZevguo \hafh`ghkl_c dhfivxl_jh\ dhgljhey b mijZ\e_gby ijhp_kkhf h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo

K i _ p b Z e v g h _ ijh]jZffgh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kh \hdmighklv ijh]jZff jZajZ[hlZgguo ijb kha^Zgbb dhgdj_lghc bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu < _]h khklZ\ \oh^yl iZd_lu ijbdeZ^guo ijh]jZff III j_Zebamxsb_ jZajZ[hlZggu_ fh^_eb jZaghc kl_i_gb Z^_d\Zlghklb hljZ`Zxsb_ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ j_Zevgh]h h[t_dlZ

19

KljmdlmjZ b deZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

L _ o g bq_ k dZ y ^ h d m f _ g l Z p b y gZ jZajZ[hldm ijh]jZffguo kj_^kl\ ^he`gZ kh^_j`Zlv hibkZgb_ aZ^Zq aZ^Zgb_ gZ Ze]hjblfbaZpbx wdhghfbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdmx fh^_ev aZ^Zqb dhgljhevgu_ ijbf_ju

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ – kh\hdmighklv f_lh^h\ b kj_^kl\ j_]eZf_glbjmxsbo \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ jZ[hlgbdh\ k l_ogb q_kdbfb kj_^kl\Zfb b f_`^m kh[hc \ ijhp_kk_ jZajZ[hldb b wdk iemZlZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ j_Zebam_l ke_^mxsb_ nmgdpbb

¾ZgZeba kms_kl\mxs_c kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby hj]ZgbaZpb_c ]^_ [m^_l bkihevah\Zlvky BK b \uy\e_gb_ aZ^Zq ih^e_`Zsbo Z\lhfZlbaZpbb

¾ih^]hlh\dm aZ^Zq d j_r_gbx gZ dhfivxl_j_ \dexqZy l_ogbq_kdh_ aZ ^Zgb_ gZ ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ BK b l_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ __ wnn_dlb\ghklb

¾jZajZ[hldm mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc ih khklZ\m b kljmdlmj_ hj]ZgbaZ pbb f_lh^heh]bb j_r_gby aZ^Zq gZijZ\e_gguo gZ ih\ur_gb_ wnn_d lb\ghklb kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ kha^Z_lky ih j_amevlZlZf ij_^ijh _dlgh]h h[ke_^h\Zgby gZ -f wlZi_ ihkljh_gby [Za ^Zgguo k p_eyfb dhlh jh]h \u ihagZdhfbebkv ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby

IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_

IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ – kh\hdmighklv ijZ\h\uo ghjf hij_^_ eyxsbo kha^Zgb_ xjb^bq_kdbc klZlmk b nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ bg nhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f j_]eZf_glbjmxsbo ihjy^hd ihemq_gby ij_h[jZah\Zgby b bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbb

=eZ\ghc p_evx ijZ\h\h]h h[_ki_q_gby y\ey_lky mdj_ie_gb_ aZdhg ghklb

< khklZ\ ijZ\h\h]h h[_ki_q_gby \oh^yl aZdhgu mdZau ihklZgh\e_ gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo hj]Zgh\ \eZklb ijbdZau bgkljmdpbb b ^jm]b_ ghj fZlb\gu_ ^hdmf_glu fbgbkl_jkl\ Z_^hfkl\ hj]ZgbaZpbc f_klguo hj]Z gh\ \eZklb < ijZ\h\hf h[_ki_q_gbb fh`gh \u^_eblv [smd!qZklv j_]m ebjmxsmx nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ ex[hc bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu b eh- dZevgmx qZklv j_]mebjmxsmx nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ dhgdj_lghc kbkl_fu

IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ wlZih\ jZajZ[hldb bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu \dexqZ_l ghjfZlb\gu_ Zdlu k\yaZggu_ k ^h]h\hjgufb hlghr_gbyfb jZa jZ[hlqbdZ b aZdZaqbdZ b ijZ\h\uf j_]mebjh\Zgb_f hldehg_gbc hl ^h]h\h jZ

IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ wlZih\ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu \dexqZ_l

¾klZlmk bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu

20