2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Учебное_пособие_по_физиологии_крови_Авдеева_Е_В_,_Репалова_Н_В_

3. Calculation of the leukocytes.

For calculation of WBC it is necessary to have: donor's blood, a microscope, count camera (Burker's camera), 5% solution of acetic acid, methylene blue.

The succession of the work. In calculation of the leukocytes 5% solution of acetic acid mixed with methylene blue is used. The acetic acid destroys the membranes of the erythrocytes and leukocytes and methylene blue dyes the nuclei of the leukocytes. The destroyed erythrocytes do not prevent the calculation of leukocytes. The number of leukocytes (actually, their nuclei) in 25 big squares is counted. Egorov's rule is true in calculations.

Fig. 31. Leukocytes are under a microscope.

The number of leukocytes is calculated by the formula:

L = Е∙ 4000 ∙20/400 ∙106

where: L – is the total number of the leukocytes in 1 liter of blood.

E – is total number of leukocytes (nuclei) within 25 big squares (400 small squares).

20 – is dilution.

1/4000 – the volume of fluid under one small square. 400 – is number of small squares in 25 big squares.

Normal adult people have between 4∙109 and 9∙109 leukocytes in 1 liter of blood.

The increased quantity of leukocytes is called leukocytosis – physiological: digestive, myogenic, emotional, in pregnancy and pathological (leukosis).

The decreased quantity of leukocytes is called leukopenia (usually in pathology).

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QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1.What is osmosis and osmotic pressure?

2.What organs take part in the regulation of osmotic pressure? What is the value of the osmotic pressure of human blood?

3.What method is used to determine osmotic pressure in solutions and blood?

4.What will happen with erythrocytes in hypo-, hyperand isotonic solution of NaCl?

5.The importance of constancy of osmotic pressure of blood.

6.What does the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes mean? What are the normal limits of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes?

7.How will the limits of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes change, if:

a)there are normal cells of the same age in the blood;

b)the quantity of sphere shaped erythrocytes is increased in the blood?

8.What is oncotic pressure? What is the oncotic pressure of human blood?

9.How is ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) estimated?

10.What is the normal size of ESR of a healthy man and woman?

11.What factors influence the ESR?

12.What is the pH of blood?

13.Explain the hemoglobin buffer system.

14.Explain the bicarbonate buffer system.

15.Explain the phosphate buffer system.

16.Why are proteins important as intracellular buffers?

17.What does innate immunity mean?

18.What does acquired immunity mean?

19.Enumerate the types of the white blood cells.

20.What are the concentrations of the different white blood cells in blood?

21.What is the life span of white blood cells?

22.Give characteristics of the defensive properties of neutrophils.

23.What is diapedesis? What is chemotaxis?

24.Defensive properties of macrophages.

25.What are the characteristics of the monocyte-macrophage cell system?

26.What are the functions of eosinophils?

27.What are the functions of basophils?

28.Why are lymphocytes the basis of acquired immunity?

29.Explain the humoral immunity and the antibodies.

30.What are the characteristics and types of T cells and their functions?

31.What does leukogram or differential leukocyte count mean?

32.What do you understand by “shift to the left” in a leukogram?

33.Enumerate the types of physiological leukocytosis.

34.Explain the reactive leukocytosis and its characteristics.

35.What is leucopenia?

36.Describe the practical work: calculation of leukocytes.

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TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL

CHOOSE THE CELLS INVOLVED INTO THE CELLULAR IMMUNE DEFENCE:

1.macrophages

2.eosinophiles

3.T-supressors

4.T-killers

5.neutrophiles

6.T-helpers

LYMPHOCYTES ARE PRODUCED IN THE:

1.spleen

2.lymph glands

3.CNS

4.bone marrow

5.tonsils

6.peyer’s patches

7.thymus

FIND OUT THE QUANTITY OF BIG SQUARES IN THE NET OF GORAEV IN THE ACOUNT CAMERA OF BURKER:

1.125

2.200

3.25

4.100

5.50

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS ARE:

1.transport

2.trophic

3.enzymatic

4.homeostatic (pH, oncotic P)

5.protective

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6. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

WHAT TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY DO YOU KNOW?

1.phagocytosis

2.formation of activated lymphocytes

3.production of antibodies

4.natural killer lymphocytes

5.formation of the complement complex

7. FILL THE NUMBER OF MISSING WORD!

TRANSPORT OF SOLVENT THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM A SOLUTION WITH A LOWER CONCENTRATION IN THE SOLUTION WITH A HIGHER CONCENTRATION IS CALLED [___].

1.osmotic pressure

2.hydrostatic pressure

3.oncotic pressure

4.osmosis

5.facilitated diffusion

8. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

THE PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM IS IMPORTANT IN THE:

1.intracellular fluids

2.tubular fluids of the kidneys

3.extracellular fluids

4.lungs

5.tissues and organs

9. STATE THE LOGICAL SUCCESSION

OF THE INVADERS DESTRUCTION BY PHAGOCYTES!

DESTRACTION OF THE

INVADERS

1.formation of the phagosome

2.secretion of proteolytic enzymes

3.penetration

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4.migration

5.formation of the digestive vesicles

6.margination

10. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

WHAT CELLS DO SECRETE ANTIBODIES?

1.B-lymphocytes

2.T-lymphocytes

3.macrophages

4.neutrophils

5.eosinophils

11.WRITE THE NUMBER OF THE MISSING WORD!

THE EXACT AMOUNT OF PRESSURE REQUIRED TO STOP OSMOSIS IS CALLED THE [__] OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION.

1.osmotic pressure

2.hydrostatic pressure

3.oncotic pressure

4.osmosis

5.facilitated diffusion

12. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

THE FOLLOWING SYSTEMS REGULATE THE H+ CONCETRATION IN THE BODY FLUIDS:

1.the respiratory system

2.the gastrointestinal system

3.the immune system

4.the chemical acid-base buffer systems

5.the kidneys

13. INDICATE THE CORRESPODENCE!

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14. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

THE SUSPENDED STATE OF THE ELEMENTS OF BLOOD IS MAINTAINED BY:

1.the mixing of blood

2.the presence of the same charges of the blood elements and endothelium of the blood vessels

3.the quantity of cholesterin in blood

4.the smoothness of endothelium of the blood vessels

5.the quantity of globulins in blood plasma

15. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

GRANULOCYTES ARE:

1.lymphocytes

2.platelets

3.neutrophiles

4.eosinophiles

5.basophiles

6.monocytes

16. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE INTRACELLULAR BUFFER EXCEPT

1.bicarbonat

2.H2CO3

3.hemoglobin

4.protein

5.organic phosphate

17. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

THE NORMAL FLUCTUATION RANGE OF HUMAN BLOOD pH IS

1.8.37-8.44

2.7.37-7.44

3.6.55-6.74

4.7.00-7.05

5.4.44-4.78

WHAT WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN RECOGNISE AND DESTROY FOREGN TUMOR AND INFECTED CELLS?

1.monocytes

2.platelets

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3.eosinophiles

4.basophiles

5.neutrophiles

6.lymphocytes

19. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

ONCOTIC PRESSURE IN YHE HUMAN BLOOD IS EQUAL

1.0.03-0.04 atm

2.7.5-5.65 atm

3.0.45-0.56 atm

4.12.0-12.6 atm

5.0.07-0.075 atm

20. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

LYMPHOCYTES ARE LOCATED MOST EXTENSIVELY IN THE:

1.submucosal areas of the gastrointestinal tract

2.skin

3.liver

4.lymph nodes

5.blood

6.bone marrow

7.spleen

21. STATE THE LOGICAL SUCCESSION

OF THE PROCESSES TAKING PLACE DURING THE COMPENSATION OF ACIDOSIS ,WHICH ARISES AFTER THE LONG MUSCULAR WORK:

1.production of lactic acid

2.releasing of carbonic acid from carbon buffer

3.strengthening of breathing

4.interaction of lactic acid and carbon buffer

5.discharge of CO2 through the lungs

22. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

WHAT TYPES OF T-CELLS ARE DESTROYING CANCER CELLS, HEART TRANSPLANT CELLS, OR OTHER TYPES OF CELLS THAT ARE FOREIGN TO A PERSON?

1.suppressor T-cells

2.helper T-cells

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3.killer T-cells

4.amplifiers T-cells

5.memory T-cells

23. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

ACCORDING TO THE MECHANISM THERE ARE FOLLOWING TYPES OF HEMOLYSIS:

1.physiological

2.osmotic

3.thermal

4.biological

5.mechanical

6.intravascular

7.extravascular

8.natural

9.artificial

24. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

AGRANULOCYTES ARE:

1.basophiles

2.monocytes

3.eosinophiles

4.neutrophiles

5.lymphocytes

6.platelets

25. FIND SEVERAL CORRECT ANSWERS!

ACCORDING TO THE PLACES THERE ARE FOLLOWING TYPES OF HEMOLYSIS

1.physiological

2.osmotic

3.thermal

4.biological

5.mechanical

6.intravascular

7.extravascular

28. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

THE DAILY PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN ION FROM H2CO3 IS PRIMARILY BUFFERED BY

1.red blood cell hemoglobin

2.plasma phosphate

3.red blood cell bicarbonate

4.plasma proteins

5.extracellular bicarbonate

29. WRITE THE MISSING WORD!

THE NATURAL KILLER ARE ACTIVATED BY [___] WHICH ARE USUALLY PRODUCED BY THE VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS ITSELF.

[___] IS EMERGENCE OF BLOOD CELLS THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE CAPILLARIES AND SMALL VENS IN CONNECTION WITH THE VIOLATION OF THEIR TONE AND PERMEABILITY.

1.diapedesis

2.chemotaxis

3.osmosis

4.hemolysis

5.phagocytosis

THE MOVEMENTS OF NEUTROPHILS THROUGH THE PORES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS IS CALLED [___] .

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32.

WRITE THE NAME OF THE PROCESS WHICH IS IMAGED IN THE PICTURE.

34. WRITE THE MISSING WORDS!

IN CALCULATION OF THE LEUKOCYTES [___]% SOLUTION OF [___]ACID MIXED WITH [___] [___] IS USED.

35. WRITE THE MISSING WORD!

THE DECREASED QUANTITY OF LEUKOCYTES IS CALLED [___].

36. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT DESCRIBE NEUTROPHILS?

1.the largest of all leukocytes

2.nucleus has several lobes (average of 4-6)

3.exhibits lightly stained (neutral) cytoplasmic granules

4.cytoplasm does not contain distinctive granules

37. FIND THE CORRECT ANSWER!

WHAT T CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED “KILLER CELLS”?

1.helper T cells

2.cytotoxic T cells

3.suppressor T cells

4.toxin T cells

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