2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Учебное_пособие_по_физиологии_крови_Авдеева_Е_В_,_Репалова_Н_В_

The succession of the work. 0.1 N solution of hydrochloric acid is added up to the lower mark of the middle test-tube. Take 20 mm 3 of test blood with micropipette and add it on the bottom of the test-tube to HC1 solution. Shake the contents of the testtube and leave it for some time (5-10 min). Hemoglobin of the blood is transformed into hematin hydrochloride. Add (drop by drop) water, mixing the content after every several drops of water until the color of the solution becomes visually equal to the color of solution in extreme test – tubes. The mark at the upper level of the test-tube solution shows the level of hemoglobin in the blood.

In normal adult men it equals 140-160 g/1 (14-16 g/dl). In normal adult women it equals120-140 g/1 (12-14 g/dl).

Relative % of hemoglobin is demonstrated by percentage scale. Absolute content of hemoglobin is quantity of hemoglobin grams in 1 liter (or deciliter) of blood.

Recalculation to relative content is carried out according to proportion:

A = absolute content /167 *100%

where 167 g/1 is maximum of hemoglobin in standard solution (100%).

3. Calculation of blood quotient (color index – C.I.)

The color index is calculated by the formulas:

C.I=Hb (g/l)/E *3

C.I=Hb (%)/E *5 where: Hb – is hemoglobin in the blood

E – three first figures of the number of erythrocytes

Normal color index is between 0.85 to 1.1.

Color index less then 0.85 is called hypochromasia.

Color index more then 1.1 is called hyperchromasia.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1.What is the internal environment of the organism?

2.What is homeostasis?

3.What is blood system? Components of blood system, its physiological significance.

4.Enumerate the functions of blood.

5.Explain the transport function of blood.

6.Explain the excretory function of blood.

7.Explain the homeostatic function of blood.

8.Explain the defense function of blood.

9.Enumerate formed elements of blood.

10.Show relative volumes of plasma and formed elements.

11.Enumerate the functions of erythrocytes.

12.Shape and size of red blood cells. Concentration of erythrocytes in blood.

13.Explain the production of erythrocytes.

14.Explain the role of erythropoietin in the regulation of erythrocytes production.

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15.Explain the destruction of erythrocytes.

16.Describe the types of hemolysis.

17.Describe the practical work: the calculation of erythrocytes.

18.What is the normal quantity of erythrocytes in a healthy man and woman?

19.What does absolute and relative erythrocytosis mean?

20.What does absolute and relative erythropenia mean?

21.Explain the function of hemoglobin.

22.Describe the basic structure of hemoglobin molecule.

23.Describe the physiological and toxic compounds of hemoglobin.

24.Describe the practical work: the calculation of hemoglobin quantity in blood.

25.What is absolute and relative hemoglobin contents in blood? Show measure units.

26.Explain the term: colour index of blood.

27.Write down the formulas for calculation of colour index of blood.

28.What is the normal size of colour index?

TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A FUNCTION OF BLOOD?

1.protection from blood loss

2.site of red blood cell production

3.transportation of essential substances to cells

4.protection from infection

5.removal of waste products from tissues

THE TWO MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD ARE

1.serum and cells

2.plasma and serum

3.erythrocytes and leukocytes

4.plasma and the formed elements

5.plasma and cells

THE MOST NUMEROUS CELLS OF THE BLOOD ARE

1.platelets

2.erythrocytes

3.neutrophils

4.leukocytes

5.basophils

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ERYTHROCYTES ARE

1.cells which do not contain nucleus with a biconvex disc shape

2.cells which do not contain nucleus with a biconcave shape

3.nucleated cells with a biconcave disc shape

4.nucleated cells with a biconvex disc shape

6. FILL IN THE NUMBERS OF THE MISSING WORDS!

FACTOR THAT STIMULATES THE ERYTHROCYTES PRODUCTION IS [___].

1.erythropoietin

2.tissue macrophages

3.complement complex

4.thromboxane

5.erythromodulin

MATCH THE FACTORS WHICH CAN INCREASE THE RATE OF RED BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION

1.high hematocrit

2.low blood volume

3.anemia

4.low hemoglobin

5.poor blood flow

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c. 36-42 g/l

d. 130-150 g/ml e. 140-160 mg/l

9.FILL IN THE NUMBER OF THE MISSING WORD!

RED BLOOD CELLS NORMALLY CIRCULATE AN AVERAGE OF [___] BEFORE BEING DESTROYED

1.120 days

2.2-4 weeks

3.4-5 days

4.10-20 hours

5.several years

10. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

IN DETERMINATION OF HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION BY SALY'S METHOD THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCE IS USED:

1.3% NaCl

2.0.9% NaCl

3.0.1 N HCl

4.cytric acyd

5.0.3% NaCl

IN CALCULATION OF ERYTHROCYTES BLOOD IS DILUTED BY THE SOLUTION OF:

1.3% NaCl

2.0.9% NaCl

3.0.1 N HCl

4.cytric acyd

5.0.3% NaCl

d. carbohemoglobin e. methemoglobin f. myoglobin

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13. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

WHEN COUNTING THE QUANTITY OF ERYTHROCYTES WE MUST DILUTE THE BLOOD IN 3% NaCl:

1.20

2.100

3.200

4.50

5.2

HEMOGLOBIN FUNCTIONS ARE:

1.transportation of carbon dioxide

2.transportation of oxygen

3.supporting of the pH of blood

4.supporting of the osmotic pressure of blood

5.taking part in the coagulation of blood

15. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

NORMAL ERYTHROCYTOPOIESIS NEEDS:

1.vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamine)

2.the enough quantity of iron

3.gastromucoproteid

4.folic acid

5.vitamin C

HOW MANY OXYGEN MOLECULES CAN 1 MOLECULE OF HEMOGLOBIN COMBINE?

1. 2 molecules

2. 4 molecules

3. 6 molecules

4. 8 molecules

5. 3 molecules

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18. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

HOW MANY HEMOGLOBIN CHAINS DOES 1 MOLECULA OF HEMOGLOBIN CONTAIN?

1.1

2.3

3.4

4.6

5.8

19. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

ENUMERATE THE FUNCTIONS OF RED BLOOD CELLS:

1.transport of hemoglobin

2.catalyze the reaction between carbon dioxide and water

3.buffering function

4.transport of biologically active substances

5.phagocytosis

20. FILL IN THE MISSING WORD!

THE PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD FORMED ELEMENTS IS CALLED THE [____].

21. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

ORGANS TAKE PART IN THE PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS:

1.bone marrow

2.spleen

3.liver

4.yolk sac

5.lymph nodes

AFTER BIRTH RED BLOOD CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY THE:

1.spleen

2.yolk sac

3.lymph nodes

4.bone marrow

5.liver

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23. STATE THE LOGICAL SUCCESSION OF RED BLOOD CELLS DIFFERENTIATION:

1[_] ->2[_] ->3[_] ->4[_] ->5[_]

1.reticulocyte

2.basophil erythroblast

3.proerythroblast

4.orthochromatic erythroblast

5.polychromatophil erythroblast

WHERE IN THE BODY ERYTHROPOETIN IS FORMED?

1.in the bone marrow

2.in the lymph nodes

3.in the kidney

4.in the liver

5.in the spleen

25. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

WHAT FACTORS CAN STIMULATE ERYTHROPOETIN SECRETION?

1.hypoxia

2.norepinephrine

3.epinphrine

4.prostaglandins

5.alkalosis

26. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

THE NUMBER OF ERYTHROCYTES AND LEUCOCYTES IS DETERMINED BY:

1. Method of Saly

2. Egorov’s rule

3.Abramson and Vainshtein micromethods

4.Matis method

27. FIll IN THE MISSING WORD!

DEFICIENCY OF RED BLOOD CELLS IS CALLED [___].

28. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

EGOROV’S RULE IS USED FOR CALCULATION OF:

1. erythrocytes and leukocytes

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2.hemoglobin

3.color index

4.only leukocytes

5.all the blood cells

29. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

NORMAL COLOR INDEX IS BETWEEN:

1.0.58-1.1

2.1.1-5.8

3.0.85-1.1

4.0.8-1.5

5.0.7-1.2

THE INCREASED QUANTITY OF RBC IS CALLED [ ].

33. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

THE NUMBER OF ERYTHROCYTES IN NORMAL ADULT MEN EQUALS:

1.3.7 1012 to 4.7 1012/liter

2.4.0 1012 to 5.0 1012 /liter

3.4.7 1012 to 5.3 1012 /liter

4.4.3 1012 to 5.0 1012 /liter

5.32.5 1012 to 3.7 1012/liter

34. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

THE NUMBER OF ERYTHROCYTES IN NORMAL ADULT WOMEN EQUALS :

1.3.7 1012 to 4.7 1012/liter

2.4.0 1012 to 5.0 1012 /liter

3.4.7 1012 to 5.3 1012 /liter

4.4.3 1012 to 5.0 1012 /liter

5.32.5 1012 to 3.7 1012/liter

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35. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

THE FORMULA FOR COLOR INDEX CALCULATION IS

C.I. = 1[__]/2[___] *3

1.the sum of erythrocytes within 5 big squares

2.three first figures of the number of erythrocytes

3.four first figures of the number of erythrocytes

4.the relative content of hemoglobin

5.the absolute content of hemoglobin

36. CHOOSE SEVERAL RIGHT ANSWERS!

THE FORMULA FOR COLOR INDEX CALCULATION IS

C.I. = 1[__]/2[___] *5

1.the sum of erythrocytes within 5 big squares

2.three first figures of the number of erythrocytes

3.four first figures of the number of erythrocytes

4.the relative content of hemoglobin

5.the absolute content of hemoglobin

37. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

ERYTHROCYTES ARE CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA:

1.E 4000 200/80 106

2.E 4000 20/400 106

3.Absolute content 100%/167

4.Hb/E 5

5.Hb/E 3

FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD [___] IS USED

1.Burker’s camera

2.Panchenkov’s apparatus

3.Saly’s hemometer

4.microscope

5.8 test-tubes

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EGOROV'S RULE IS: "FOR ONE SQUARE THE NUMBER OF ERYTHROCYTES WITHIN THE SQUARE ARE COUNTED, ON THE [___] AND [___] BORDERS. ERYTHROCYTES WHICH LIE ON THE [____] AND [___] BORDERS ARE NOT COUNTED."

ERYTHROCYTES ARE ALSO CALLED:

1.RBC

2.WBC

3.Platelets

4.HCT

41. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

GORYAYEV’S NET CONSISTS OF 1[___] BIG SQUARES:

1.200

2.225

3.25

4.80

5.400

42. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER!

ONE BIG SQUARE OF THE GORYAYEV’S NET CONSISTS OF [___] SMALL SQUARES:

1.200

2.16

3.25

4.80

5.400

43. FIll IN THE MISSING WORDS!

RELATIVE HEMOGLOBIN IS DEMONSTRATED BY THE [__] SCALE.

OBLIGATORY TASKS

It is compulsory to carry out the tasks for self-preparation

1. During calculation of the erythrocytes in man’s blood there were found

5 erythrocytes in 1small square of a count camera. How many erythrocytes are in 1 ml 3 of investigated blood? Is it a normal value?

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