2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɮɚɡɭ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɨɣ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ Ⱦȿ, ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ; ɨɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɣ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ – ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ.

ɋɢɥɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɞɜɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɚɪɵ ɦɵɲɰ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɚɦɢ.

ɋɢɥɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ (Ⱥ):

Ⱥ = FS,

ɝɞɟ F – ɫɢɥɚ, S – ɩɭɬɶ, ɬɨɝɞɚ – F = A/S (ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ).

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ (Ⱥ) ɩɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɭ ɝɪɭɡɚ Ɋ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ h ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Ⱥ = Ph,

ɝɞɟ A – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ; Ɋ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ; h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɧɹɬ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ. Ʌɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ 200–300 Ƚɰ.

ȼ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɚ (F), ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɭ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ (m) ɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ (a) (II ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ):

F = ma.

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ɋɢɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɚɯ (ɇ): 1ɇ = 1ɤɝ/ɦ/ɫ2. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ: ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɟ – F = P (ɤɝ), ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ – F = ma (ɇ).

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ «ɜɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ», ɫɢɥɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨ; ɥɢɛɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɦ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 50 Ƚɰ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɣ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ (ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ) ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ.

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɟɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (200 ȼɬ) ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɭɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 2,5 ɦ/ɫ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɪɤɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɑɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ȺɌɎ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɦ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɩɨɡɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ, ɭ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ȺɌɎ-ɚɡɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɚɪɤɨɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɪɤɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ; ɟɫɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɬɨ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ

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ɧɟ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɯɨɞɶɛɟ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɭ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɦɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ,

ɢɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ.

ɋɢɥɚ ɦɵɲɰ, ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ: ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ), ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ – ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɟɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ȺɌɎ, ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ, ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ.

ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ (ɱɢɫɥɨ Ⱦȿ, ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ; ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱦȿ; ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ Ⱦȿ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ)

ɢɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ (ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ.

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɭ ɬɟɥɚ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢɯ Ⱦȿ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɟɧ-

ɧɵɣ «ɬɨɧɭɫ» ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ J-ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧ; ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɧ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-

78

ɧɢɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɢ ɦɵɲɰ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɢɥɥ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ- ɢ ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.

Ȼɟɡɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɪɨɮɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ.

Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ

ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ – ɧɟɤɫɭɫɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɰɢɬɢɣ), ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ (ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ) ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ «ɜɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ», ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɟɡ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɐɇɋ. ȼ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ (ɉȾ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ

79

ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɦ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɢ), ɬɨɱɧɟɟ – ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ Na+), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɉȾ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɉȾ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱ- ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ, ɩɭɱɤɚ Ƚɢɫɚ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɉɭɪɤɢɧɶɟ ɤ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɚɦ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ.

ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛóɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ. ɇɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɉȾ ɜ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɍ ɷɬɢɯ ɉȾ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɫ ɨɜɟɪɲɭɬɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɬɨ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɤ ɩɢɤɭ ɉȾ). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 250– 300 ɦɫ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɉȾ.

ɂɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɉȾ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɉȾ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟ- ɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɥɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ (ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ Ʉ-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ (Na-Ca-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ. ɂ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʉ-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ (ɫɨɬɧɢ) ɦɢɥɥɢɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ Ʉ-ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɚɞ (ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ) ɉȾ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉȾ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ (250–300 ɦɫ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɪɤɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɭɦ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ), ɦɧɨɝɨ ɋɚ2+ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɟɪ-

80

ɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ.

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɟɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ (ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ) ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (ɝɟɬɟɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ) – ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ (ɡɚɤɨɧ ɋɬɚɪɥɢɧɝɚ).

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ, ɤɨɠɢ, ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 500 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 5–20 ɦɤɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɢɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ. ɋɚɪɤɨɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɝɥɚɞɤɢɣ ɷɧɞɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɭɦ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɨɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ȺɌɎ ɜ 100–1000 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɩɟ- ɪɟɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ): ɦɭɥɶɬɢɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ (ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ). Ɇɭɥɶɬɢɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɦɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɟ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

81

ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ.

ȼɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɫɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ (ɧɟɤɫɭɫɵ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɟɤɫɭɫɚɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɚɤɫɨɧɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɉȾ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɰɢɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ, ɦɚɬɤɟ, ɜ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ. ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ɇɉ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ – ɬɨɧɭɫɚ. Ɍɨɧɭɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɜ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɠɟɥɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɹɯ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ

ɜɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ).

ȼɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ Ɇɉ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ -50 ɦȼ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɉȾ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɉȾ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 50–250 ɦɫ. ȼ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɉȾ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. ȼ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɉȾ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɋɚ2+, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ.

82

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ. Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ (ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɢɠɟ). ɋɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ.

Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɦɚɬɤɢ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɉȾ (ɦɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɉȾ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɩɟɣɫɦɟɤɟɪɧɵɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɉȾ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɉȾ (ɪɢɫ. 2.25). ɉɟɣɫɦɟɤɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɥɸɛɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɜ-

83

ɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.25. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ

ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧɨɦ (ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ) ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɬɚɧɭɫ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ – ɯɨɞ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (Ɋ. ɒɦɢɞɬ, Ƚ. Ɍɟɜɫ, 1985)

Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɪɚɞɭɠɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɉȾ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ. ɂɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɢɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ, ɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ.

Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɡɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɸ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

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