2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ

ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɢ ɨɬ ɐɇɋ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ. ɉɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ (ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ) ɢ ɛɟɡɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ. ɇɟɪɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ (ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ), ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ. ɇɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.12. Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɢ (Ⱥ), ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɭ (Ȼ) ɢ ɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (ȼ)

(ɋ. Ɉɤɫ, 1969)

Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.12). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɭ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧ-

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ɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɉȾ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɨɜ Ɋɚɧɜɶɟ), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɟɥɢɧ, ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚɦɢ Ɋɚɧɜɶɟ, ɝɞɟ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɉȾ (ɪɢɫ. 2.13). ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ «ɩɟɪɟɩɪɵɝɢɜɚɟɬ» ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɥɶɬɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ.

Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɉȾ ɜ 5–6 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɉȾ ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɩɟɪɟɩɪɵɝɢɜɚɬɶ» ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨɜɨɤɚɢɧɚ, ɤɨɤɚɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

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ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ: Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ. ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ Ⱥ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ: Ⱥ-ɚɥɶɮɚ, Ⱥ-ɛɟɬɚ, Ⱥ-ɝɚɦɦɚ, Ⱥ-ɞɟɥɶ-ɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.14). ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ Ⱥ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ Ⱥ-D ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 12–22 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ 70–120 ɦ/ɫ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɤ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ (ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ) ɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.14. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ (ɩɨ ɗɪɥɚɧɝɟɪɭ ɢ Ƚɚɫɫɟɪɭ):

I – ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ; II – ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ȼ ɢ ɋ; III – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɚ

Ɍɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ Ⱥ ɬɢɩɚ (E, J, G) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɬ – 8 ɞɨ 1 ɦɤɦ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 70 ɦ/ɫ. ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ, ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ) ɜ ɐɇɋ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ J-ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɤ ɢɧɬɪɚɮɭɡɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ.

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Ʉ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɢɩɚ ȼ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 1–3,5 ɦɤɦ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ 3–18 ɦ/ɫ. Ʉ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɋ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ – 0,5–2 ɦɤɦ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3 ɦ/ɫ (0,5– 3 ɦ/ɫ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɬɢɩɚ ɋ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ) – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɬɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɇɟɪɨɣ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɬɦɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ. Ʌɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɚɡɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ), ɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ (ɞɨ 1000 Ƚɰ).

ɉɚɪɚɛɢɨɡ. ɇ.ȿ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɫɤɢɣ (1891) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ (ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ), ɬɨ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɨɦ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɮɚɡɵ: ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɭɸ.

ȼ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ. ȼ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:

49

ɧɚ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ – ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɦ ɪɢɬɦɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ (25 Ƚɰ) ɜɫɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɪɢɬɦɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ (100 Ƚɰ) ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ (ɬ.ɟ. 25 ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɢɡ 100), ɬɨ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ (25 Ƚɰ) – ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.15).

Ɋɢɫ. 2.15. ɉɚɪɚɛɢɨɡ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɚɡɵ:

1 – ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɞɨ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɚ) – ɨɬɜɟɬ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ; 2 – ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɜɚɬɵ, ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɮɢɪɨɦ (ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ); 3 – ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ, 4 – ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ;

ɚ– ɬɟɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ; ɛ – ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ȼɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ,

ɢɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɨɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɞɥɢɧɹɹ ɮɚɡɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ.

50

ȼ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɢɟ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɉȾ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɪɜ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ.

əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɨɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɧɟɫɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɚɪɚɛɢɨɡ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɪɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɡɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɚɡɵ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ) ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.

Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ

Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɬɨɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ ɤ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ – ɫɢɧɚɩɫɚɯ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɢɧɚɩɫ» ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɑ. ɒɟɪɪɢɧɝɬɨɧɨɦ. ɋɢɧɚɩɫɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ (ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ, ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ). ɋɢɧɚɩɫɵ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹ ɟɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ, ɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ – ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɞɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ.

51

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟ- ɢ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ. ɇɢɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ (ɳɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ). Ʉɚɧɚɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨ. Ɍɨɤ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ȼɉɋɉ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ).

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ: ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ, ɧɟɣɪɨ-ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪ- ɧɵɟ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨ-ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ); ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɚɤɫɨɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚɤɫɨɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɵɟ, ɚɤɫɨɚɤɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɵɟ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ); ɩɨ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ – ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɟ; ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ, – ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɝɥɢɰɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɋɢɧɚɩɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.16). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɭ, ɢ ɯɟɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ).

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ɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɵ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ (ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɋɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɧɞɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɭɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ Ƚɨɥɶɞɠɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ. ȼɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɥɚ: ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɭɥ, ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɤ ɷɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡɭ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɭɥ, ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɭɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɚɤɫɨɧɭ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɉȾ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ.

ȼ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɋɚ2+-ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ (ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ). ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɷɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ). ȼ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ȺɌɎ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɋɚ2+-ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɡɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ. ɂɨɧɵ ɋɚ2+ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ. Ȼɟɥɨɤ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɰɢɬɨɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɤ ɧɚɯɨ-

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