2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɇɟɣɪɨɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɷɩɢɮɢɡ, ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɯɪɨɦɚɮɮɢɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɨɤɨɥɨɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɬɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɨɧɢɧɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ-ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ.

Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɨ-ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɐɇɋ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɐɇɋ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɪɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɜ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɟɣɪɨɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɜ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɹ ɪɢɥɢɡɢɧɝ-

235

ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ. Ɋɢɥɢɡɢɧɝ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ (ɩɚɪɚɜɟɧɬɪɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ, ɚɪɤɭɚɬɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ, ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.2). Ɋɢɥɢ- ɡɢɧɝ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɭ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɨ-ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ:

ɉȼə – ɩɚɪɚɜɟɧɬɪɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ; ɋɈə – ɫɭɩɪɚɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɞɪɚ; ȺȾȽ – ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ); ɊȽ – ɪɢɥɢɡɢɧɝ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɧɵ) (Ɋ. ɒɦɢɞɬ, Ƚ. Ɍɟɜɫ, 1996)

236

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɢɥɢɡɢɧɝ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɵ – ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɧɵ – ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ: ɬɢɪɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɝɨɧɚɞɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɦɟɥɚɧɨɰɢɬɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧ, ɦɟɥɚɧɨɰɢɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ (ɪɢɫ. 5.3). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧɚ.

ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ: ɤɨɪɭ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ,

ɝɨɧɚɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸ-

ɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ –

ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɨ-ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4). Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ. ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɟɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɦ ɢ ɬɢɪɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɨɦ. Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ, ɤ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ.

238

Ɋɢɫ. 5.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ–ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ–ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ (ɀȼɋ)

239

ɑȺɋɌɇȺə ɎɂɁɂɈɅɈȽɂə ɀȿɅȿɁ ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇȿɃ ɋȿɄɊȿɐɂɂ

Ƚɢɩɨɮɢɡ

Ƚɢɩɨɮɢɡɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ȿɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɨɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ – ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ, ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ. Ⱥɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɤɬɨɞɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 75% ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɞɨɥɟɣ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɫɥɚɛɨ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɨɦ. ɇɟɣɪɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ, ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɥɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ

ȼ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ: ɚɞɪɟɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ (ȺɄɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ; ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ (ɌɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ; 2 ɝɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ: ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ (ɎɋȽ), ɢɥɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɢ ɥɸɬɟɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ (ɅȽ), ɢɥɢ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ; ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ (ɋɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ; ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 4 ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɋɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ – ɷɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ.

Ⱥɞɪɟɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ȺɄɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɬɢ-

ɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 15–20% ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ȺɄɌȽ

240

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɨɩɢɨɦɟɥɚɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɧɚ (ɉɈɆɄ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɰɢɬɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪ-ɦɨɧɚ (ɆɋȽ), ȕ-ɷɧɞɨɪɮɢɧɚ, ɥɢɩɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɨɜ. ȺɄɌȽ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɭɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ – ɧɚ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɭɸ ɡɨɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɚ (ɰȺɆɎ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɚɡɢɹ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ȺɄɌȽ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɝɧɟɧɨɥɨɧɚ ɢɡ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ.

ȼɧɟɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ȺɄɌȽ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɥɢɩɨɥɢɡɚ (ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɠɢɪɵ ɢɡ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɩɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɨɜ), ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɦɟɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɢɫɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ȺɄɌȽ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ȺɄɌȽ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ȺɄɌȽ4-9) ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɩɨɞɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ȺɄɌȽ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ȺɄɌȽ4-9) ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ.

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ȺɄɌȽ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ȺɄɌȽ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɪɨɦ ɜ 6–8 ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫ 18 ɞɨ 23 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȺɄɌȽ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ȺɄɌȽ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ. Ƚɢɩɨɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ȺɄɌȽ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ȺɄɌȽ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ: ɯɨɥɨɞ, ɛɨɥɶ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɷɦɨɰɢɢ.

ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ȺɄɌȽ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɢɩɟɪɤɨɪɬɢɰɢɡɦɭ, ɬ.ɟ. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɨɜ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɞɟɧɨ-

241

ɦɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɂɰɟɧɤɨ – Ʉɭɲɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ: ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɹ, ɨɠɢɪɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɥɢɰɨ ɢ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ), ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

Ɍɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɌɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɩɪɨ-

ɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ 5% ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ. Ɉɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɚɡɢɸ ɟɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɢɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɧɢɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɢɞɨɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰȺɆɎ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɌɌȽ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɢɬɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ ȺɄɌȽ ɢ ɋɌȽ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɌɌȽ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɨɥɭɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɢɤ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɌɌȽ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɧɨɦ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɪɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɚ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧɨɦ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɬɢɪɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɣɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɚ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɟ, ɛɨɥɢ, ɧɚɪɤɨɡɟ.

ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɡɚ.

Ƚɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɢ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ)

ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10–15% ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɥɚɤɬɨɬɪɨɩɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ

242

ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.

Ɏɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɎɋȽ), ɢɥɢ ɮɨɥ-

ɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɤ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɎɋȽ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ.

Ʌɸɬɟɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɅȽ), ɢɥɢ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɫɩɨ-

ɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥ ɎɋȽ. ɅȽ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ – ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ. ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨ-

ɧɨɜ – ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ.

ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɎɋȽ ɢ ɅȽ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɚ, ɎɋȽ ɢ ɅȽ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɅȽ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ. ȼ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɐɇɋ. ɉɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ.

ɋɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɋɌȽ), ɢɥɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ,

ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ 50% ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ȼɵɛɪɨɫ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɢɤ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɱɶɸ (ɜ 3-ɸ ɢ 4-ɸ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɧɚ). ɇɚ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 70% ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɋɌȽ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ (ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧ-

243

ɬɟɡɚ ɊɇɄ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɋɌȽ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɯɪɹɳɚɯ, ɦɵɲɰɚɯ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɷɩɢɮɢɡɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɭ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɌȽ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɵɲɰ, ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɞɢɧɨɜ Ⱥ ɢ ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɞɢɧɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɪɨɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɂɎɊ-1 ɢ ɂɎɊ-2). ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɞɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ. ɂɎɊ-1 (ɫɨɦɚɬɨɦɟɞɢɧ ɋ), ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɩɢɝɦɟɟɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɂɎɊ-1, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɚ.

ɋɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30–40 ɦɢɧ. ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɩɨɝɟɧɟɡ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɩɨɥɢɡ, ɚ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ. ɋɌȽ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤ ɥɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɨɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30–40 ɦɢɧ. ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ.

ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧɨɦ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱ-

244