2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɢɧɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɈȻɓȺə ɎɂɁɂɈɅɈȽɂə ɀȿɅȿɁ ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇȿɃ ɋȿɄɊȿɐɂɂ

ȼɵɫɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɝɨɪɦɨɧ» ɛɵɥ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɜ 1902 ɝ. ɋɬɚɪɥɢɧɝɨɦ ɢ Ȼɟɣɥɢɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, – ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɝɪɟɱ. hormau ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ», ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ.

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɷɬɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɝɪɟɱ. endon – ɜɧɭɬɪɢ, krino – ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ), ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ; ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɮɟɧɟɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ, ɷɩɢɮɢɡ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ, ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɢ (ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ), ɩɚɪɚɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɂɧɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫ ɢɧɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ,

225

ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ʉ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧ ɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɨɧɢɧ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɧɟɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ». ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɝɨɪɦɨɧ» ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ȻȺȼ), ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.

Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ) ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɦɢɲɟɧɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ, ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɤɪɢɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ), ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɚɭɬɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɝɨɪɦɨɧ» ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɨɜ – ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɧɤɟɮɚɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɪɮɢɧɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬ-

226

ɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɋ, ɧɟɣɪɨɬɟɧɡɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɯɨɥɟɰɢɫɬɨɤɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ,

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɭɸ ɧɟɣɪɨɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ, ɚ ɨ «ɷɧɞɨɤ-

ɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ».

ɉɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ:

–ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ – ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪ-

ɦɨɧɵ;

–ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ;

–ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɭɸ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (Ⱦɗɋ).

Ⱦɗɋ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɷɬɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ APUD-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɤɡɚɯɜɚɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɚɡɵ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɗ. ɉɢɪɫɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɛɭɤɜɚɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ Amine Precursors Uptake and Decarboxylating system – APUD-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ.

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɷɬɨ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ APUDɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɸɤɫɬɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɧɢɧ, ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɬɢɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ (ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ, ɷɩɢɮɢɡ), ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟ-

227

ɫɤɢɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ (ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɤɨɪɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɝɨɧɚɞɵ) ɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ (ɩɚɪɚɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɬɢɦɭɫ).

Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. Ɉɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ ɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ ɞɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɭ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɧɢɧɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢ ȻȺȼ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ

1. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ:

•ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɚ: ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧ, ɬɪɢɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɧɢɧ, ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ; ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɚ: ɦɟɥɚɬɨɧɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ; ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɢɫɬɢɞɢɧɚ: ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ.

2. Ȼɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ:

•ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ: ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɦɟɥɚɧɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ, ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ;

•ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ (ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ): ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ, ɩɚɪɚɬɝɨɪɦɨɧ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɨɧɢɧ;

•ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ (ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ): ɬɢɪɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɥɸɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ.

3. ɋɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ:

•ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ (ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ, ɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɥ, ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟ-

ɪɨɧ);

•ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ: ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ (ɬɟɫɬɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ), ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧ.

228

4. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ:

• ɚɪɚɯɢɞɨɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ: ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɰɢɤɥɢɧɵ, ɬɪɨɦɛɨɤɫɚɧɵ, ɥɟɣɤɨɬɪɢɟɧɵ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

1.ɋɬɪɨɝɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶ) ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ, ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ, ɬɤɚɧɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ȺɄɌȽ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ – ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

2.ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ: ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵ-

ɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1 ɝ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ 100 ɦɥɧ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɰ.

3.Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ.

4.Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ) ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɨɡ-

ɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

229

5.Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ.

6.ɉɪɨɥɨɧɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.

Ɍɢɩɵ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ:

•ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ;

•ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ;

•ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ – ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;

•ɤɨɪɪɢɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ: ɫɢɧɬɟɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɦɢɲɟɧɹɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ: ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɥɢɦɮɨɣ. ȼ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ: 1) ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ; 2) ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ; 3) ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ

ɫɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ; 4) ɜ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ 80% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɟɩɨ, ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɦ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ: 1) ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɭ; 2) ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; 3) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ; 4) ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɟ-

230

ɫɹɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ Ɇ-ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɛɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɤɭɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɭɬɨɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦ.

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢɦɢɲɟɧɢ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ 2 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ: ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5.1).

Ɋɢɫ. 5.1. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

231

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ⱥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɫɟɧɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ G-ɛɟɥɨɤ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ G-ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (Gs, Gi, Gq, Go). Ⱥɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ G-ɛɟɥɨɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ɚɞɟɧɢɥɚɬɰɢɤɥɚɡɨɣ, ɰȽɆɎ-ɮɨɫɮɨɞɢɷɫɬɟ- ɪɚɡɨɣ, ɋɚ2+- ɢɥɢ Ʉ+-ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɚɡɚɦɢ ɋ, Ⱥ2, D. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɫɟɧɞɠɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ 3,5-ɚɞɟ- ɧɨɡɢɧɦɨɧɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ (ɰȺɆɎ), ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ 3,5-ɝɭɚɧɨɡɢɧɦɨɧɨ- ɮɨɫɮɚɬ (ɰȽɆɎ), ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɢɧɨɡɢɬɨɥ-1,4,5-ɬɪɢɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɢ ɞɢɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɵ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɫɟɧɞɠɟɪɚ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡ (ɰȺɆɎɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɚ, ɰȽɆɎ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɚ, ɤɚɥɶɦɨɞɭɥɢɧɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɚ ɋ). ɉɪɨɬɟɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ȺɌɎ) ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ – ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɟ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɚ – ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.

232

Ƚɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɥɢɩɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢɦɢɲɟɧɢ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ-ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɜɥɢɹɹ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ȾɇɄ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɚ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨ ɹɞɪɨ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ.

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ɂɧɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɥɸɤɭɪɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ.

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

1.Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɩɨɥɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.

2.Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɭ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɞɚɦ, ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

233

3. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

1.Ɋɢɥɢɡɢɧɝ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ

ɢɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ. ɋɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ.

2.Ɍɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɦ.

3.ɗɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ-ɦɢɲɟɧɶ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɦ.

ȼɢɞɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.

ɋɢɧɟɪɝɢɡɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɞɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

Ⱥɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɡɦ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɂɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɩɨɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ – ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ – ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

ɉɟɪɦɢɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ, ɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ.

234