2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014
.pdfɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɷɧɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɦɟɬɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ» (Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɇɨɡɞɪɚɱɟɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ
ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɹɞɪɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɚɯ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɬ VIII ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ II–IV ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ (CVIII, ThI-ɏII, LII-IV). Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɹɞɪɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɡɥɵ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ. Ɉɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɪɜ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɹɞɟɪ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɹɫɶ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ. Ʉ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɱɪɟɜɧɵɣ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɭɡɥɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɱɪɟɜɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 4.2).
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
(ȼ.ȼ. Ɍɭɪɵɝɢɧ, 1988):
1 – ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ) ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ; 2 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, 3 – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ 4 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɲɟɣɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ; 5 – ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ; 6 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ; 7 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ; 8 – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤ ɫɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ; 9 – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɝɥɚɡɚ; 10 – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ; 11 – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, 12 – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ 13 – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɲɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ; 14 – ɝɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ; 15 – ɝɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ; 16 – ɱɪɟɜɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ (ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ); 17 – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɱɪɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ; 18 – ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ; 19 – ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɱɪɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ; 20 – ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ (ɱɪɟɜɧɵɣ) ɧɟɪɜ; 21 – ɦɚɥɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ (ɱɪɟɜɧɵɣ) ɧɟɪɜ; 22 – ɬɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ; 23 – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦ-
ɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ
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ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ȼɇɋ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɲɟɣɧɵɣ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɲɟɣɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (CVIII–ThI-II) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ (ɫɩɢɧɨɰɢɥɢɚɪɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ), ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɥɚɡɚ: ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɭɸ ɡɪɚɱɨɤ, ɝɥɚɡɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ II–IV ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ (ThII-IV) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ƚɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɹɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ I–V ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ (ThI-V) ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɜɨɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɣ: ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ, ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɬ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢɞɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɟɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɇɧ-ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ). ȼ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ (80–90%) ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 4.3).
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɏ – ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ; Ⱥ – ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ; Ⱥɯ – ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ; ɇɚ – ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ; Ⱥ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɤɪɨɜɢ.
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ; ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ;
Ɣɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ;
żɜɧɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ (ɧɟɣɪɨɦɨɞɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɚɯ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ-
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ɦɢ). ɉɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɦɭɫɤɚɪɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ (Ɇ-ɯɨɥɢɧɨ- ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ). ɗɬɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫ ɇɧ-ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ |
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ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ |
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ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ |
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ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ |
ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ |
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ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ |
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ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ |
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Ɉɪɝɚɧ |
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ |
ɪɟɰɟɩɌɢɩɬɨɪɨɜ |
ɗɮɮɟɤɬ |
ɪɟɰɟɩɌɢɩɬɨɪɨɜ |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
ȽɅȺɁ |
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Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
_ |
_ |
ɪɚɞɭɠɤɢ |
(ɦɢɞɪɢɚɡ) |
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ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ |
– |
– |
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ɪɚɞɭɠɤɢ |
(ɦɢɨɡ) |
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ɐɢɥɢɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ- |
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ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ- |
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ɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɞɚ- |
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ɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ |
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ɥɟɧɧɵɯ |
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ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ |
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ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ |
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ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ |
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(ɩɨɤɨɣ ɚɤɤɨ- |
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(ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ |
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ɦɨɞɚɰɢɢ) |
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ɚɤɤɨɦɨɞɚ- |
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ɰɢɢ) |
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ɋȿɊȾɐȿ |
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ȼɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ |
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ |
ß1 |
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ2 |
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ |
ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ |
ß1 |
Ɂɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ2 |
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɪɢɬɦɚ |
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ |
ß1 |
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ2 |
ɋɢɥɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ |
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ |
ß1 |
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ2 |
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(ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ) |
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199 |
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ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ.
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
ɄɊɈȼȿɇɈɋɇɕȿ |
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ɋɈɋɍȾɕ |
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Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɢ |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
– |
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ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ |
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ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
– |
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ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ 1 |
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
– |
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Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
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(ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ |
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– |
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ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ |
ɤɪɨɜɢ) |
ß2 |
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Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
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ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
– |
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Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
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ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
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ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ |
ɋɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɣ 2 |
– |
– |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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(ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ |
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ȼɟɧɵ |
Cɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
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NɈ) |
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D1 |
– |
– |
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ɅȿȽɄɂȿ |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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(ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
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(ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ |
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ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ) |
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ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ) |
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ɀɟɥɟɡɵ (ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ) |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
? |
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɀȿɅɍȾɈɑɇɈ- |
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ɄɂɒȿɑɇɕɃ ɌɊȺɄɌ |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
D1, ß |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ |
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ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
D1, ß2 |
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ |
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ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ |
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ3 |
D1 |
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ4 |
Ɇ3 |
ɀȿɅɑɇɕɃ ɉɍɁɕɊɖ |
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ß2 |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɬɟɥɚ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
200
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ.
1 |
2 |
3 |
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4 |
5 |
ɆɈɑȿȼɈɃ ɉɍɁɕɊɖ |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɆɈɑȿɌɈɑɇɂɄɂ |
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Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɆȺɌɄȺ 5 |
Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɆɍɀɋɄɂȿ ɉɈɅɈȼɕȿ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
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ɗɹɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ |
D |
ɗɪɟɤɰɢɹ (ɡɚ |
Ɇ3 |
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ɈɊȽȺɇɕ |
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ɫɱɟɬ |
ɪɚɫɲɢ- |
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ɪɟɧɢɹ |
ɚɪɬɟ- |
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ɪɢɣ) |
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ɉɈɌɈȼɕȿ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ |
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ |
Ɇ3 |
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(ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ) 6 |
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ɉȿɑȿɇɖ |
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Ƚɥɸɤɨɧɟɨɝɟɧɟɡ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
D, ß2 |
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– |
Ƚɥɸɤɨɝɟɧɨɥɢɡ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
D1, ß2 |
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– |
– |
ɀɂɊɈȼɕȿ ɄɅȿɌɄɂ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß3 |
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– |
– |
(ɥɢɩɨɥɢɡ) |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
D2 |
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ɉɈɑɄɂ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß1 |
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– |
– |
(ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɧɢɧɚ) |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
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ɉɈȾɀȿɅɍȾɈɑɇȺə |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
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ɀȿɅȿɁȺ |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
D2 |
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(ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ) |
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ɆɈɁȽɈȼɈȿ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼɈ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
ɇ- |
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ɇȺȾɉɈɑȿɑɇɂɄɈȼ 7 |
ɯɨɥɢɧɨ |
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(ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ) |
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ɌɊɈɆȻɈɐɂɌɕ |
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ |
D2 |
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(ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ) |
ɍɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ |
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ß2 |
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201
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ.
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
ɄȺɉɋɍɅȺ ɋȿɅȿɁȿɇɄɂ |
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
D1 |
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Ɋɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ |
ß2 |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: 1 – ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ; 2 – ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ NɈ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɹɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɭɫɤɚɪɢɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ; ɷɬɢ ɦɭɫɤɚɪɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɭɫɤɚɪɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɵ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ; 3 – ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ; 4 – ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ; 5 – ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɮɚɡɵ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ, ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.; 6 – ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ; 7 – ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɢɧɨ-, ɯɪɨɧɨ-, ɬɨɧɨ-, ɞɪɨɦɨ- ɢ ɛɚɬɦɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ),
ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɯ ɬɟɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɢ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɪɚɱɨɤ (ɦɢɞɪɢɚɡ) ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɞɭɠɤɢ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ D1-ɚɞɪɟɧɨ- ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɨɫɭɞɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ß2-ɚɞɪɟɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ.
202
ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɧɟɪɜɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɧɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ). ȼ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɉɪɛɟɥɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɪɢɫ. 4.4). ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɨɲɟɥ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ Ɉɪɛɟɥɢ–Ƚɢɧɟɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɐɇɋ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4.4. Ɉɩɵɬ Ɉɪɛɟɥɢ–Ƚɢɧɟɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ (Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜ, 1983)
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɤɪɨɧɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ.
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (30 ɢɦɩ. ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ.) ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ.
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
203
ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ. ȿɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɩɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɨɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ, ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ȿɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɞɟɩɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɷɪɝɨɬɪɨɮɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.
ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ȼɇɋ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɞɪɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɚɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɉɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ (III ɩɚɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɨ-ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ), ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ m. sphincter pupillae ɢ m. ɫiliaris. ɂɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ (VII ɩɚɪɚ), ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ (IX ɩɚɪɚ) ɢ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ (X ɩɚɪɚ) ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɬɨɱɤɢ VII ɩɚɪɵ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɨɫɚ, ɧɺɛɚ, ɫɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ, ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ IX ɩɚɪɵ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɥɸɧɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. X ɩɚɪɚ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟ (ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɟ, ɫɢɧɨɚɭɪɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɨɜɟɧɬɪɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɥɵ), ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ, ɩɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (SII-IV) ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ. Ɍɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɧɟɪɜ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 4.5).
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