Metoda_TSP
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MvtHII!CTEPCTBO 06PA30BAHII1H |
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111 HAYKII! POCCHHCKO!Ii <I>EAEPALJ.HIIt |
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rOY BnO MOCKOBCKHH fOCYAAPCTBEHHbllli |
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CTPOII!TEilbHbiM YHHBEP01TET |
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!IIHCTII!TYT CTPOIIITEilbCTBA 111 APXItiTEKTYPbl |
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Kacpeopa mexHonozuu |
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cmpoumellbHozo npou3aoacmea |
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PACYETHO-.fPA<i>i-1'-IECKA.flPA60TA |
ill |
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no TEME «PA3PA60TKA TEXHO/IOfillili |
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nPOl-13BOACTBA 3EMJ1HHbiX PA60T |
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no BEPTHKAilbHOH nllAHHPOBKE |
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CTPOHTEiibHOH nllOLJJ.AAKH» |
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YL~e6Ho-Memoaw-tecKoe noco6ue |
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MOCKBa 2010
MV1HV1CTEPCTBO 06PA30BAHV1.8
V1 HAYKV1 POCCV111JCKOIIJ <PE,LJ,EPALJ,V1V1
lOY BnO MOCKOBCKV11/J
IOCY,Ll,APCTBEHHbii/J CTPOVITE!lbHbllli YHV1BEPCV1TET
V1HCTV1TYT CTPOV1TE!lbCTBA V1 APXV1TEKTYPbl
l<acfJeopa mexHollozuu cmpoumellbHozo npou3soacmsa
PACLJETHO-rPAcDVILfECKAR PA50TA no TEME «PA3PA50TKA TEXHO/lOrVIVI nPOV13BO.LJ.CTBA 3EM/lRHbiX PA50T no BEPTVI KA/1 bHOIIJ nllAH V1 POBKE CTPOV1TE/l bHOiil nllOIJJ.A,Ll,KVI»
YYe6Ho-MemoouYecKoe noco6ue
M 0 c K B a 2010
IJoc06IIC ITOCB5III(CHO TCMC 3CMJI5liibiX pa6oT, Tpa)JJ1I~l!OHHO paccMaTpH- BaCMOH B COCTaBC npaKTWICCKIIX YllC6HbiX pa6oT B Ha<ram,Holl l!aCTII Kypca «TCXHOJIOrWI CTpOIITCJibHbiX IIpO~CCCOB». IJoco6IIe BKJUOl!aCT MCTOAWICCKYJO l!aCTh, rAe H3naraeTC5l XOA Bbll10JIHCHH5l y-qe6noli pa6oTbl n npnJJO)I(C- Hll5l, COAep:a<aii(HC BapHaHTbl 3aAaHHH, HCKOTOpblC cnpaBOl!Hbie MaTepHaJibl II IlpHMCp BbiiJOJIHCHI15l pa60Tbl.
I1pe)IHa3Ha"JCHO AJI5l CTYlJ:CHTOB cTpOTITCJibHhrx cne~HaJibHOCTeii By3oB TI KOJIJICA)I(Cll 110 )IHCUHilJiliHC «TCXHOJIOrH5l Tl opraHTI3a~TI5l C'I'pOHTCJibHOrO
npOH3BOACTBa»
CocTaBHTCJib
,D,O~., KaH)I. Texn. nayK A.H. Jiu
Pe~eH3CHT
npotj.l., KaHA. Texn. aayK C.B. KoMuccapoB (MrCY)
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JIHQeH3Hll JTP N2 020675 OT09.12.1997 r. |
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rJoT(rmcaHo B neqarb 03.10.2010 r. |
<llopMaT 60x84 1/16 |
lle'laTb o!pceTHall |
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11- 1~n |
06'LeM 3 ruL |
T 300 |
3arca3 431 |
roY BriO MoCKOBCK!fH rocyT(apCTBCHHbiH c-rpmneJTbHblH YHHBepCHTCT. THoorpmjmJI MrCY. 129337, MocrcBa, 5IpocnaBcrcoe III., 26
OrJIABJIEI-IIIE
BBCACHHC ............................... |
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I. Tioc'I'pOCHTie |
rrunnn nyrreBbiX pa60T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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2. Pacl!eTbi o6'beMos nepepa6oTKII rpyrua .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . |
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3. PacrrpeAcrreniie 3eMmiHbiX Mace ....................................................... |
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4. PacY:eT cpe;~Heii ;-(aJihHOCTH nepeMCII(CHH5l rpytiTa n Bhr6op cTpoiiTCHbHbiX |
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ManniH AH5l :noro rrepeMeii(CHH5l ....................................................... |
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5. OrrpCACJICHIIC COCTaBa II 06'bCMOB ITJiaHIIpOBOqHbiX pa6oT, Bhi6op TCXHOHOriiii IIX
Bbll10JIHCHIUI .............................................................................. |
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6. KanbKYJI5IIJ;IIJI TPY!103aTpaT, 3aTpaT Marmumoro speMenn II CTOIIMOCTII pa6oT |
15 |
7. Karrermapnoe nnaHHposaHue 11 pacqeT TCXHIIK0-3KOHOMWICCKHX noKa3aTeneii |
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np0113BOACTBa IIJlaHH}JOBO•IHbiX pa60T . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . |
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EII6niiorpatj.JIIllCCKHii cnncoK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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IJpiiHO)I(CHlll! ................................................................................... |
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IJl. Bapnai-ITbi pa60l!IIX OTMCTOK B Bepnmnax I<Ba)IpaTOB CTpOIITCJibHOH CCTKII . |
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I12. Cnpasol!Hbie MaTcpiiarrbi ............................................................. |
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IJ3. 06pa3CU BbiiiOJIHCHII5lli otj_lopMJICHII5l paCl!CTHO-rpatj.JIIllCCKOH pa60Tbi ...... |
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II4. MnrrwcTpaTIIBHhiC .MaTepiiaJihi ....................................................... . |
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3
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1 |
BBEfi:EHIIE
BepniKaJlbHa5! ITJiaHIIpOBKa cTpoiiTeJibHOH rrnor:u;a,IJ,KII rrpoii3BO,Il,IITC5! c I!e-
JiblO II3MeHeHII5! IIpiipO,Il,HOrO pennecjla MeCTHOCTII II o6ecrreiJeHII5! ITJiaHOBOH II
BbiCOTHOH IIpiiB5!3KII BCeX B03BO,Il,HMbiX Ha :non ITJIOID;a,IJ,Ke 3,IJ,aHIIH II coopy)Ke-
HIIH, a TaK)Ke C03,IJ,aHH5! 6naronpn5!THbiX ycnosuH. ,IJ,JI5! MexaHH3HpoBaHHoro BblllOJIHeHII5! CMP. ITo cyr:u;ecTBY 3To rrpoeKT BbrpasHHBaHn5! cTpOHTeJibHOH IIJIOIIJa,IJ,KII ITO 3a,IJ,aHHbiM KpaCHOH OTMCTKe TO'IKIIOTC'ICTa T A II IIpO,Il,OJib- HOMY (nonepe'IHOMy)yKJioHy i.
fi:JI5! npoeKTIIpOBaHJ15! BepTIIKaJibHOH IIJiaHIIpOBKII CTpOIITCJibHa5! HJIOID;aJJ,Ka
3a,IJ,aeTC5! B BII,IJ,e CTpOIITCJibHOH CeTKII II3 KBa,IJ,paTOB II IIp5!MOyrOJibHIIKOB (CO
CTOpOHaMII ,IJ,mlHOH 100 ... 200 M ,Il,JI5! OCHOBHbiX II 20 .. .40 M- ,Il,JI5! ,Il,OIIOJIHH- TeJibHbiX cjJIIryp ceTKII) c pa6o'IIIMIIOTMeTKaMII h1 B sepiiiiiHax cjJIIryp. Pa6o-
IIIIe OTMeTKII - 3TO pa3HOCTb BbiCOTHbiX OTMeTOK CIIJiaHIIpOBaHHOH II ecTeCT-
BeHHOH ITOBepXHOCTH Ili!OU~a,IJ,KH (Me)l(,IJ,y KpaCHOH OTMeTKOH rmaHHpOBKII II
'IepHOH(cjlaKTIIIJeCKOM) OTMeTKOH 3eMJIII: 3HaK «-» 03HaiJaeT He06XO,Il,IIMOCTb CH5!TII5! rpyHTa, T.e. BbieMKy, a «+» - He06XO,Il,IIMOCTb ,Il,OCblllKII rpynTa, T.e. HaCblllb).
IIpoeKTIIposaHne pa6oT no sepTIIKaJlbHOH nnaHnposKe cTpOIITeJibHOM HJIOID;a,IJ,KII BKJHO'IaeTB ce65!:
-IIOCTpOeHIIC JIIIHIIII HyneBbiX pa6oT;
-pacqeThl 06beMOB nepepa60TKII rpyHTa B HJialiiipOBOIJHbiX BbieMKaX II HaCblll5IX;
-nnaHupoBaHIIe pacrrpe,IJ,eneHII5! 3eMJI5!HbiX Mace;
-pacqeT cpe,IJ,HeH ,IJ,aJibHOCTH nepeMCID;CHH5! rpyHTa H3 IIJiaHHpOBO'IHbiX BbleMOK B ITJiaHIIpOBO"IHbie HaCbiiiii H Bbi60p CTpOIITeJibHbiX MailliiH ,Il,JI5! 3T0f0 nepeMem:ennH;
-OITpe,IJ,eJieHIIe COCTaBa IIJiaHIIpOBO'IHbiXpa60T II COCTaBJieHIIe Be,IJ,OMOCTH o6oeMoB pa60T;
·• pac'IeTTpy,IJ,oeMKOcTn n CTOIIMOCTII nnaunpoBO'IHbiXpa60T;
- KaJICH,Il,apHOe ITJiaHHpOBaHHe II pacqeT TeXHIIK0-3KOHOMWieCKIIX IIOKa3a-
TeJieH.
0 J1JiaHIIpOBO'IHa5!BhleMKa (J1B) -- 3TO yqacTKH Ha CTpOIITeJibHOll HJIOII(a,ZJ_ICe, B KOTO- pbiX nprr BepTHicaJibHOH IIJiaHIIpOBKe pa3pa6aThiBaeTC5! rpyHT J],JI5I rrepeMemeHHJI B IIJia-
HHpOBO"HIYIO HaChiHb HJIII Ha BhlB03, a IJJJaHHpOBOC!Ha5I HaCbiiih - 3TO Y"IaCTKH Ifa
crporrTeJILHoll: wwma,ZJKe, KyJJ.a npii sepnrKaJihHoli IIJiaHupomce yKJiallb!BaeTC5! nepeMemaeMbiH H3 llB IIJIII npiiB03HOfi rpyHT.
B pac'!eTHoii pa6oTe CTpoiiTeJII>HaH rmoma,IJ,Ka 3a,IJ,aeTc51 pa3MepaMII
300x500, 300x400 M IIJlii ,Il,pyriiMII pa3MepaMII B Bll,IJ,e C'I'pOHTCJibHOHCeTKII II3
KBa,IJ,paTOB CO CTOpOHO;:l 100 M (pi!C. ] ) II pa60<JHMH OTMeTKaMH B Bepill11HaX KBa,IJ,paToB, sapnaHTb! KOTOphiX rrpnse,IJ,eHbi B npnn. 1. B KaqecTBe rrpeo6rra-
,IJ,mon~ero rpyrua Ha IIJIOJll,aJJ,Ke npnHIIMaeTc51 necoK, rJIMHa, cynecb nnn cyr-
JIIIHOK.
4
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CrpmueJibHaJI rrJioura!lKa N~ 1 |
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h, |
lb |
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~ lb |
h,--··· w___ |
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l |
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----I |
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~ |
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~~-----+11, |
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- |
- h.-~---~ |
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hn |
--~"------- |
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~he |
11, |
11!1 -------- |
Pl3 |
L___,r_ -- |
l1.» |
.111 |
]];; |
[[;;- |
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1119 |
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CrpmrreJibHall rrJIOtl[a,LIKa N~ 2 |
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h, |
h |
T |
~---- |
l |
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lh |
h. |
lb |
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~"---- |
~~+k____________ lll~--------- |
~lb__________ lh,, |
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lhu |
-----#' |
-- ----Jl'c--------- |
4~--- |
___ jh,, |
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Puc. 1. IIpnMepbi rmanoB CTponreJihHb!X nJiorua)loK,
3a).laHHhiX B BH)le CipOHTeJibHOH CeTKH
5
1. UOCTPOEHJIE JlHHHII HYJIEBblX PAEOT
J1HHH5I HyneBhiX pa6oT (JIHP), 5IBJI5IIOIIIa5Ic5I rparm!IeH Mc)l(!J,y ITB 11 ITH,
HaXO)J,IITC5I rryTCM IIOCJIC)J,OBaTcJibHOrO COC)J,IIHCHII5I IIp5IMhiMII TO'!CK HYJICBhiX pa60T, KOTOpbiC paCIIOJiaraiOTC5I Ha Ka)l()J,OH CTOpOHC KBa)J,paTa (IIp5IMOYfOJihHIIKa) CTpOIITCJihHOH CCTKII MC)l()J,y ero BCpiiiiiH3MII, IlMCIOIIJHMII pa60'!HC OTMCTKil rrpoTIIBOIIOJIO)KHhiX 3HaKOB. IloJ10)l(CHIIe TO'!eK nyneBhiX pa6oT orrpe,ll,e- Jl5ICTC5I rpaqmqecKll. L(JI5I :ClTOfO Bbi'!Cp'iiiB3IOT B JII060M MaCillTa6e IIJiaH-CXCMY CTpOIITCJibHOH IIJIOIIJ3)J,KH, Ha BCpillllHhl KBa,ll,paTOB ( rrp5IMOyrOJibHIIKOB) HaHO- C5IT pa60'!IIC OTMCTKII, IIOCJIC '!CfO OTMC'!3IOT KBa!],paThi II IIX CTOpOHbl, B KOTOpbiX pa60'!IIC OTMCTKil BCpUIIIH llMCIDT IIpOTllBOIIOJIO)l(HhiC 3H3Kll. 3aTCM B Beprnrmax 3TllX KBa!J,p3TOB (up5IMOYrDJibHIIKOB) nepneH)J,IIKymrpHO CTOpOHaM, Ha KOTOpblX onpe)J,CJI5IIOTC5I TO'!KII HYJICBbiX pa60T, OTKJia)J,blB3IOT 0Tpe3KII rrp5IMOH, paBHblC (B Jil{)60M M3ClliTa6e) pa60'!llM OTMCTKaM, ll KOHI!bl 0Tpe3KOB COC)J,llH5Il{)T IIp5IMOH Jilli-IllCH, rrepeCCKaiOll~CH CTOpony KBa,ll,paTa (rrp5IMoyronhHllKa). Ilonyqenna5I TO'!Ka rrepece'!eHil5I u 5IBJI5ICTC5I TO'!KOH nyneBblX pa6oT, a
paccT051HHe oT 3TOH TOY:KII ,ll,O mo6oi1 ll3 sepumn KBa)J,paTa (np51MoyrorrhHilKa)
naxo)J,5IT rpacpii'!CCKII (rryTeM H3Mepenrm nnnei1Koi1 c yqeTOM rrpiiH5IToro Mac- rnTa6a) llJIII aHaJIHTIIY:CCKII, ll3 l10)J,06Illi TpeyroJibHilKOB:
h. I hH = x. I (a--x.),
OTKy)J,a |
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X 8 = a · hn I (h.+ h"). |
(1) |
Ananorwmo |
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XH = a . hn I (hB + hn), |
(2) |
f)J,C X8 , |
Xn |
- pacCT051HllC )],0 TO'!KII liYJICBbiX pa60T, COOTBCTCTBCHHO, CO CTO- |
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pOHbl BhiCMKll Il CO CTOpOHhi HaChiiiil, M; |
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h., |
hH |
- pa6o'!Me oTrvreTKll B Beprrmnax KBa!],paTa (np51MoyroJit.HllKa), co- |
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OTBeTCTBenno, CO CTOpOHbi BhiCMKII II CO CTOpOHhi HaCbiiTII, M; |
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a- pa3MCp CTOpOHbJ KBa,ll,paTa (np511\10YfOJihHHKa) CTpOllTCJibHOH CCTKH, |
M. |
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IlpHMep HaXO)I():(CHIUI JJHHHH HYJJCBhlX pa60T ll OllpC,ll,CJICHWI ee llOJJO)l(CHll51 B
KBa)J,paTe (npHMOYfOJJbHHKe) CTpOHTCJTbHOH CCTKTI TIOKa3aH Ha puc. 2.
2. PACqETbl Oii"bEMOB llEPEPAiiOTKH rPYHTA
06bCMhi rrepepa6oTKll rpynTa B BLICMKax L vrm II H3Cblll5IX L vnu npii
BepTIIKaJibHOH IIJiaHilpOBKC H3XO)J,51T KaK cyMMY rrpOII3BC)J,CHilH IIJIOIIJa,l],ll Ka)l(-
)J,OH II3 |
QJilryp CTpmiTCJibHOH CCTKII F1 Ha cpe!],HWW pa6oqyro OTMCTKY B 3TOH |
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cjJTirype |
hcp" T.e. |
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3 |
(3) |
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L Vns (:L Vnn) = :LVi = :L(Fi · hcp.i), M |
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r)J,e V 1 |
- reoMeTpll'ICCKilH o6beM nepepa6oTKTI rpynTa B Ka)K)J,OH Il3 |
cjJTiryp |
CTpOilTCJihHOH CCTKH.
Pnc. 2. l1ocTpoeune JJHHHH nyneBbiX pa60T
Cpe)J,HWl{) pa6oqyw OTMCTKY hcp.i B K3)l()J,OH cp11rype Haxo,D,51T KaK cpe,D,Hee
apiiQJMCTil"lCCKOC 3Ha'!CHIIC pa60'!liX OTMCTOK BCCX BCplliiiH JTOH cjmrypt.I, T.e.
hcpi =(h! +h2 + ... +hn)/n, M, |
(4) |
r,D,e h1. h2, ... , h11 - pa60"liie OTMeTKII BCpillllH Ka)K,Ll,OH |
H3 QJIIryp CTIJOfJTeJihHOH |
CeTKil, M; |
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ll - 06IIJeC KOJJll'!eCTBO BCpUIIlH B 3TOH QJHI'ype.
Pac'!CThi o6beMOB ncpepa6oTKII rpynTa y,D,o6no nposo~IITh 13 Ta6JIII'IHOH
cpopMe.
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Ta6rrn[la |
Pac<J:eT oobeMOB nepepaoOTKH rpyHTa npH oepntKaJJI>Hoii nJJamlpOBKe |
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l1JIAHI1.POB01IHAJI BbiEMKA |
l1JIAHI1POB01IHAJI HACbiiTh |
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N~ |
Fr, |
hcp.i, |
v" |
N~ |
Fr, |
hcp.(, |
V;, |
I1oTPe6HoCTb B |
Jtnryphi |
M2 |
M |
M3 |
q:mrypbi |
M2 |
M |
M3 |
rJ)YHTe, Vr~.i, M3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 _ _J |
__6_ __ __]_____8 |
--- 9 |
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L:Vn•= |
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L:Fi= |
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L:Vna= |
llpHMC"'!aHJIC. KmK).IaJI CTpOKa Ta6JIH[\hl ,[IOJD!ma COOTBCTCTBOBaTb O,ll.HOMy KBa,ll.paTy C'TpOHTCJihHOH cenm C COOTBCTCTBYIDIIIeH liH,LICKCai(HeH, ecmr OH ,lleJHITCJI JllliUieH Hyrre-
Bh!X pa60T Ha HCCKOJihKO qmryp.
6 |
7 |
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IloTpe6HoCTb B rpyHTe )J.JUI yCTpolicTsa rmaHIIposo<IHoli Hacbmli B Ka>KIJ.OH |
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II3 <Jmryp |
Vr11 i orrpe)J.emreTC51 YMHO)KCHIIeM reoMeTpii<IecKoro o6'hCM(J |
Hachr- |
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I |
IIII |
Vi |
Ha K03lPqJIIIJ,IICHT OCTaTO'IHOrO pa3pbiXJICHII51, T.C. |
(5) |
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Vrp.i = Vi • Ku.p., |
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r)J.e |
Ka.p |
- |
K03lPlPIIIJ,IIeHT ocTaTO'IHoro pa3pbiXJieHII51 rpyHTa; |
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Ka.p= 100/(100 + IIap), |
(6) |
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r)J,e |
Ilo.p. - |
IIOKa3aTCJib OCTaTO'IHOrO pa3pbiXJICHII51 rpyHTa, o/o, IIpiiHIIMaCMbiM |
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no )J.aiUibiM EHIIP E2-1 (Ta6n. II2.1).
3. PACITPE)l,EJIEHIIE 3EMJIJIHbiX MACC
Ilpii aHaJIII3e rronyqeHHoro B pe3yJibTaTe rrpoBe)J.eHHbiX pac'feTOB 6anaHca 3eMJI51HhiX Mace CJICIJ.YCT, npe)I<)J,C BCero, o6paTIITb BHIIMaHIIe Ha CJIC)J.YIOliiMC )J.Ba 06CT051TCJibCTBa, KOTOpbiC OKa3biBaiOT BJIII51HMe Ha Bbi60p TCXHOJIOriiii BbiIIOJIHCHII51 IIJiaHHpOBOtiHbiX pa6oT:
a) COOTHOIIIeHllC o6'bCMOB pa3pa6oTaHHOrO rpyHTa B IIJiaHIIpOBO'IHOM Bbi- CMKe (LVns) II rpyHTa, He06XO)J.IIMOIO ,l.l,JUI ycTpOMCTBa 11JiaH1IpOBO'II-IOM HaChi-
IIll (LV1m);
6) KOJIH'ICCTBO II B3aiiMOpaCIIOJI0)KCHHC Ha CTpOIITCJibHOM IIJIOIIJa)J.KC IIJia- HIIpOBO'IHbiX BbiCMOK II IIJiaHI-IpOBO'IHbiX HaCbiiiCM.
IlepBOC o6CT051TCJibCTBO OIIpC)J.CJI51CT OKOH'IaTCJibHbiM COCTaB pa6oT, KOTOphiM Heo6xo)J.IIMO BbiiiOJIHIITb rrpi-I sepTHKaJibHOM rrnanHpOBKe. Ecnii LV,m=LVnH (c TO'IHOCTbi-O )J.O 10%), TO 3TO 03Ha'laeT, I.JTO sech pa3pa6oTaHHbiM B IIJiaHIIpOBOI.JHbiX BbiCMKaX rpyHT IIOJIHOCTblO IIO)J.JIC)KIIT MCIIOJlb30BaHIIIO npii ycTpoMCTBe nnaunpoBO'fHbiX Hacbmeli. Ecmr IV118 > LV,111 , TO 'faCTb pa3pa6o- TaHHoro B BhiCMKax rpyHTa, paBHa51 pa3HOCTH LV1m - LV1111 , 6y)J.eT JII-IIIIHeli M IIO)J,JIC)KliT BbiB03Ke 3a npe)J,e.llbi CTpOIITCJibi-IOM IIJIOIIJa)J,Kli. Ecnii LVnB < LVrrn,
TO KOJli-I'ICCTBO pa3pa6oTaHHOrO B BbiCMKaX rpyHTa HC)J,OCTaTOI.JHO )].1151 ycTpOM- CTBa HaChiiiii, I-I 3TOT HC)J.OCTaTOK, TaKIKC paBHbiM pa3HOCTI-I LVn"- LV,m, He-
o6xo)J,IIMO KOMIICHCIIpOBaTb rrpi-IB03KOM )J.OIIOJIHII"ICJlbHOrO rpy1na.
06'beM BbiB03IIMOrO II3JII-IIIIHero IIJIII npiiB03IIMOrO )J.OIIOJIHI-ITCJibHOrO
rpyHTa |
V rrep.rp |
OIIpC)J.CJI5!lOT C yqeTOM K03lPlPIIIJ,IICHTa rrepBOHai.JaJTbHOIO |
pa3- |
pbiXJieHII51, T.e. |
|
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3 |
(7) |
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V rrep.rp = (LVrrR - LVmr) ° Kn P' M , |
|
me Krr.p - |
K03lP<iJIIu,nenT rrepsoHai.JaJibHoro pa3pbrxneniiH rpyHTa; |
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Kup= (100 + Ilup)/100 |
(8) |
r,Ue IIrr P |
- rroKa3aTeJib rrepsoHai.JaJihHOro yseniiqemm o6'beMa rpyHTa rrocne |
||
pa3pa60TI{II, %, |
npHHI-IMaeMbiM no )J.aHHbTM EHI-IP E2-l (rrpi-IJI. 1). |
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Bo I-I36c)KaHIIe ,IJ,OllOJIHI-ITeJibHbiX TPYIJ.03aTpaT BbiB03KY I-I3JII-Irnnero rpyH- Ta, Ka.K I-I yKna,UKY rrpiiB03Horo rpynTa, Heo6xo)J.IIMO rrpe,UycMa:rpvmaTb B KBa)J.- paTax CTpOITTeJlbHOM CCTKII, Haii60JICC YIJ.aJICHHbTX OTHOCIITCJTbHO JII-IHllH HyJie- BbiX pa60T. Ilpll 3TOM KBa,D,paTbi HJlli IIX qaCTII IIO)J.6IIpalOTC5l TaKIIM o6pa30M,
'IT06br cyMMbi o6'beMOB nepepa6aTbmaeMoro rpyHTa B 3THX KBa,UpaTax paBHH-
JII-ICb o6'beMaM BbiB03IIMoro (npiiB03IIMoro) rpyHTa 6e3 yi.JeTa Ko::~<iJcjmrmeHTa
rrepBOJ-IaqaJibHOro pa3pbiXJ1CHI151, T.e. BeJIIIL[I-IHe LVriB - LV mr |
( c TO'IHOCTblO |
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10%). |
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BhiB03Ka H3JHILUHero 11 npHB03Ka He.nocra10w,e1o 1py1na CB51.3aHbi |
c rpaHcnopnihi- |
MH paCXO)J,aMH .11 II03TOMY HC06XO)J,I1MO ITO B03MQ)KHOCTH UX I136C1aTb. flpH BCpTHKaJTbHOH nnaHnpoBKe 3TO MO)I(HO ocy]]_(eCTBHTh nyreM o6ecnC'ICHIUIHynesoro 6a.nar-rca 3CMJUIHbiX MaCe 3a C'!CT J-l'{MCHC1-IH5! 3a,IJ,aHHOH liJiaHUpOBO'li-!OH OTMCTKU C'lpOliTCJ!hHOH ITJTO]]_(a)J,KII Ha BCJTH'!HHY D.h, OllpC,'lCJT51CMYlO110 cpopMyJTe
D.h = (L:Vrm- L:V1111) / F • K0 p, M, |
(9) |
1):\e F - nonHa5! nrroma,IJ,b rr.nannpyeMorr nnoma,IJ,KH, M 2 (rrorrmKHTCJibHhlH 3HaK rrp11 D.h
03Ha<JaCT llOBhllliCHiiC 3a!-(aHJ-!OH rrrraHIIpOB04HOH OTMCTKH, a OTpUllaTCJihHhiH - ee IIO-
Hil)I(CHiiC).
BTopoe o6CT05!TCJ1hCTBO CB5!3aHO C HC06XO):\liMOCTblO OITTIIMH311pOBaTb Bb!60p II pa60TY 3CMJICp0HHO·-TpaHCI10pTHhlX MalllllH, KOTOpbiC 6y,IJ,yT IiCflO.Jlb30BaThC5l 7\Jlll
BhmomrenHn BepTHKaJThHOH nnani-IpoBKII crpmiTCJihHOH nno]]_(a,IJ,KH. |
B |
crryqac |
CJIQ)I.(HOI'OIIp11pO,llH010 penbecpa CTpOiiTCJlbHOH IIJTO]]_(a):\KU, KOr;~a |
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nocrre/.l,H.515! pa36IIsaeTcH: nnHncii HyneBhiX pa6or ua HCCKOJThKO liB n |
liH, TO Ka)I.<- |
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flH-2 |
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II 3aTCM, C Y'ICTOM,UaHHbiX B Ta6J1. l o6bCMOB rpyHTa Vi H V,p(, MCTOJIOM l10,IJ,60pa
I1p11HIIMaCTCll pelllCHIIC, II1 KaKoit BblCMKil liJTU KaKOH CC 'IaCT!iIIJTaHHpyeTC5! nepe-
MC]]_(aTb rpyHT B Ka)I(,UYIO !13 IIJTaHHpOB01IHhiX HaCbHieii. IJpn 'lTOM,C I(CJTblO MliHIT- M.H3aiJ,Hli TPY,IJ,03aTpar na rrnaHupoBo<JHbiC pa6oThi nepeMew,eniic 1pyHra cne,IJ,yeT
npe,IJ,ycMarpnBaTh II3 KBa,IJ,paroB liB, 6JTH)I(ai.J.rniix K paccMaTpnBaeMoii liH .
4. PACl.J.ET CPE).I,HEM ).I,AJihHOCTM llEPEJVIEll~EHM.H rPYHTA
H BhUiOP CTPOUTEJihHhiX MAUJHH ).I,JUI 3TOrO llEPEMEil.I,EHM.H
Pa3pa6oTKa II rrepeMeiiJeHne rpyHTa rrpii BepTnKaJibHOM rrrraHnpoBKe CipOIITeJibHOM IIJIOliia,UKI-I BbiiiOJIH51lOTC51.: MCXaHII3HpOBaHHhlM CIIOC060M - C IICIIOJib30BaHIICM 3CM11CpOHHO-IpaHCll0pTHbiX MaiUI-IH.
0 K 3CMJTCpOHHO-TpaHCIIOpTHhiM MaiiiHHaM, KOTOpbiC MOryT 6biTb HCl10JTb30BaHhi npn BCpTllKa..JibHOH n.naHHpOBKC CTp0!1TC.JlbHbiX l1JTOIIIa):IOK II OTpbiBKC HC1JTy60KUX KOTJTOBaHOB 60JTbLUOH npOT5l)I(CHHOCTH B CYXIIX ll MaJIOBJia)l(l-lb!X rpyHTaX, OTHOC51TC51 6yJTh)J,03C- pbi H cKpenepbr.
OcHOBHbiM pa6o<mM opraHOM 6ynh,IJ,03epoB 51BJTHCTC51. OTBaJT (nosopoTHbiH HJTH He- noBopoTHhiH), CMOHTUpOBaHHhiH CIICpC,Il,ll 6a30B010 TpaKTOpa .11 rrpe,IJ,Ha3Ha'l.CHHblllHC- IIOCpC,Il,CTBCHHO ,IJ,JT51. pe3aHI151 H nepeMCIJ.:ICHll51 rpyHTa. EynhJI03Cpbl pa3.nnqaror B oc- HOBHOM 110 MapKe I1 MO]]_(HOCTll liCHOJTb3YCMOI'O6a30BOI'OTpaKTOpa (Ha 6a3e TpaKTOpOB T-74, ).I,T-75, T-100, T-130, T-180, ).1,3T-250 n ,Il,p., 1):\e '!Hcnarroc.ne 6yKBCHHhiX o6o3Ha'!eHnfi 03Ha'faiOT MOU!HOCTh ,IJ,BH1aTenn TpaKropa B n.c} TexHonorwrecKnii rrpoiJ,ecc pa6oThi 6ynh,IJ,03epa BKJTlO'!aeTB ce651 pe3aHne n na6op rpyHTa nyTeM CWITII51 crpyJKKU 110,!1, yKJTOH, nepeMCIJ.:ICHllC rpyHTa C Ha):IBH)I(KOH C10 OTBa.JIOM, pa3rpy3KY
1pyHTa II B03BpaTHhiH XOJTOCTOH XO)J,.
8 |
9 |
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0CHOBHhiM pa60"'HM opraHOM CKpenepOB HBJU!CTCH KOBID, KOTOpbiR COC)J,HHCH C ry- CCHH"!HhiM HJIII KOJTCCHhiM TJ!fa"!OM (O,IJ,HOOCI-IblM HJTH JJ:BYXOCHhiM). CKpCIICpHbiR KOBlli npeJJ:CTaBJTHCT co6oil OTKpbiTYIO CBepxy CMKOCTh, onHpaiOII\YIOCH 3a):(HCH "!aCThiO Ha KOJICCHYIO rrapy, a rrepeJJ:HCH - COC):(IiHCHHYIO mapHHpHhiM CI[CnHhTM ycTpOHCTBOM C THra"!OM. 0H orpaHH"!CH JJ:HHII\CM, HMCIOII[IIM B rrepe,Il,HCH "!aCni pe)Kyll\yiO KpOMKy, 60KO- Bh!MII CTCHKaMII, Bhi!J:Bli)KHOH 3a)J,HCH CTCHKOHH 3DCJlOHKOll B rrepeJJ:HCH"!aCTII. PC3aHIIC rpyrua II HaTTOJTHCHHC liM KOBIDa IIpO!ICXOJJ:HT rrprr OTTYCKaHTIII H IIpOTHriiBaHIITI no- CJIC)J,HCI"O C OTKphiTOll 3aCJTOHKOll no nOBCpXHOCTTI rpyHTa B pe3yJThTaTe 3arrry6neHIHI ero pc)KYII\Cll KpOMKTI. TIOCJIC 3aTTOJIHCHHH KOBlli UO!J:HIIMaWT, 3aKpbiBaiOT 3aCJIOHKOH II THI"a"'OM Ha TpaacnopTHOH CKOpOCTII rrepeMemaiOT K MCCTY pa3rpy3KH, I")J,C KOBID CHOBa onycKaiOT, OCTaBJUlH Il\CJTh MC)Kl\Y pc)J(yll~CH KpOMKOH TI TTOBCpXHOCTbiO nepe)J,Bll)J(CHTIH, OTKpbiBaiOT 3aCJIOHKY H, nepeJJ:BIII"aJ!Cb Ha MaJIOH CKOpOCTII, nepeMCII\CHHCM 3a):(HCll CTCHKH BhiTa.JIKIIBaiOT rpyrrr II3 KOBUTa. llpn 3TOM 3a):(HHC KOJICCa, rrepeKaTbiBaHCb 110 CBC)KCOTChiiiaHHOMY rpyHTy, ynJTOTHHIOT ero. CKpenepbi pa3JIII"laiOT no BMCCTIIMOCTII KOBUTa II CIIOC06y CI"O rrepCMCII\CHIIH ( llpiii[CIIHblC C o6bCMOM KOBUTa 3 ... 10 M3, pa6o- TaiOII\IIC B CI[ene C TpaKTOpOM-T5Ifa"!OM II BOCIIpiiHIIMaiOII\IIC BCW pa60"'YIO Harpy3KY - BCC KOBUTa C rpyHTOM - "!CpC3 C06CTBCHHhiC XOl\OBblC ycTpOHCTBa, flOJiyrrpiii[Cf!HbiC C 06bCMOM KOBUTa 4,5 - 5 M3, OTJIII"!aiOII\HCCH OT npHI[CIIJ-IhiX TCM, "'TO "!aCTb pa60"!Cll Harpy3KII rrepe):(aCTCH Ha THI"a"!, II CaMOXO):(HhiC C 06'bCMOM KOBUTa 8... 25 II 6onee M\ TexHonorii"lcCKIIH IJIIKJI pa6oThi cKpenepa BKJIIO"!aeT B ce6n pe3aHIIe rpynTa rryTeM CHHTHH CTpJ)KKH II 3anOJIHCHIIC HM KOBUia rrpii IIpHMOJTIIHCHHOM !J:BH)J(CHIIII, 1'paHcnop- TIIpOBKY K McCTY yrora):(KII, OTChiTTI<y rpytiTa II B03Bpall\CHHC IIOpO)J(HJ!KOM Ha IICXO)J,HYIO n03III[HIO CJICJJ:YIOII\CI"O pa60"!CI"O I[HKJia. )J,JIJ! yscJIII"!CHHH TOJIII\IIHhi cpe3aCMOH CTpy)J(- KH, COKpaii~CHHH BpCMCHII H nyTH HaTTOJIHCHIIJ! KOBUTa, OC06CHHO B l1JIOTHbiX rpyHTaX, CKperrepbi IICIIOJih3YIOT B KOMIIJICKTC C TpaKTOpOM-TOJIKa'IOM, o6cJiy)KIIBaiOII\IIM, KaK rrpasiiJIO, rpyrrrry II3 2 ... 6 cr<penepos na y"!aCTKe na6opa rpynTa. 1JIIcno TpaKTopos- TOnKaqeii Bbi6IIpaiOT B 3aBIICIIMOCTH OT BMCCTIITCJihHOCTII KOBIIIa IICnOJih3YCMbiX Cr<perrepOB II ):(aJihHOCTII TpaHCIIOpTHpOBKII rpynTa II MO)KCT rrpiiHIIMaThCH flO ):(aHHbiM
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Bhr6op 3eMnepoiino-TpancnopTHhiX Manum JJ,JTH BbiTIOJTnemm rmanMposoq- HhiX pa60T npOH3BOJJ,JITC5! no cpeJJ,HCH Jl,aJJbHOCTJI nepeMeru;eHJI5l rpynTa, KOTO- pa5! MmKeT 6hiTb onpeJJ,eJTeHa no MeTOJI.Y CTaTHT-IeCKJIX MOMeHTOB. )J;JUI :noro CTOpOHbl nnmmpyeMOM nJJOIIJaJJ,KJI, 3aJJ,aHHOH B BJIJJ,e CTpOMTeJJbHOH ceTKJI,
npMHJIMaiOT 3a OCJI a6CIJJICC JI opJJ,MHaT np5!MoyroJJbHOH CIICTeMbi I<OOpJJ,IIHaT.
3aTeM OTHOCJITeJTbHO :HOM CIICTeMbi KOOpJJ,MHaT HaXOJI,5IT KOOpJJ,IIHaTbi Xi II Yi
reoMeTpiiqecKIIX IJeHTpOB qmryp nnaHIIpOBoqnoiJ: BhieMKII II TIJJaHIIpOBO"!HOM
HaCbiiiii B Ka:lKJI,OM KBaJJ,paTe CTpOIITeJJbHOH CeTKII (pnc.3).
0 3a reOMCTpii"'CCKIIll IJCHTp qmrypu IIpHMOyrOJihHOll QJOpMhi npmmMaiOT TO'IKY ne-
pece"!CHIIH ee JJ:IIaroHaneH., a TpeyronhHOH <l_JopMbi - TO'IKY rrepece'IeHIIJI ee MCJJ:HaK B
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TIH B KBa):(paTaX CTp011TCJihHOH CCTKII onpe)J,cJIHCTC51 IIO <l_JopMynaM
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.6x; = (sr Xt + Sz· Xz + ... + Sn" Xn) I (sl + Sz + ... + sn); |
(10) |
||||
|
.6y; = (st· Yt + Sz· Yz + ... + Sn· Yn) I (St |
+ Sz + ... + sn), |
(11) |
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r):(e .6x; II .6y, - coOTBCTCTBCHHo KOOpJJ:IIHanr <jJIIryp |
TIB rr TIH B paccMaTPIIBaeMOM |
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KBa):(paTC CTpOHTCJihiiOH ceTKII, M; |
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COOTBCTCTBCHHO IIJIOII\a):(II (M2) 11 |
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St , Sz, |
... Sn, Xt , X2 ... X11 II Yt |
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Y2 ... |
Yn - |
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reOMCTpii'ICCKIIX I[CH"fPOB |
(M) IIp51MOYfOJibHIIKOB II 1'peyrOJibHIIKOB, Ha |
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KOTOpbre pa3611Ta CJIO)J(HaH <l_Jnrypa llB |
11 |
TIH |
B paccMaTpHBaeMOM r<BaJJ:paTe |
cTpoii- |
||
TerrhHOH CCTKII. llp11 3TOM 3a KOOp)J,IIHaTHblC OCH 11pHHIIMaiOTCH CTOpOHbl 3TOrO )KC r<sa,IJ,paTa.
3TII paC"!CThl per<OMCH)J,YCTCH TaK)J(C IIpOII3BOJJ:IITh B Ta6JIIIqJ:IOH <j_JopMe.
llpH rpa<j_Jn<ICCKOM |
MCTO)J,C OllpCJJ:CJICHIIH IIOJIO)J(eHI151 I"COMeTpli"'CCKIIX I[CH"fPOB |
CJIO)J(HhiX <l_Jnryp TIB II |
TIH KOJurqecTBO TpeyronhHIIKOB II npHMoyronhHIIKOB, Ha KOTO- |
pbre pa36IIBaCTC51 Ta IIJIH HHaH <l_J11rypa, ):(OJI)J(HO 6b!Tb paBHO TpCM.
CTanJ"!ecKHe MOMeHThi o6beMoB rpyHTOBhiX Mace oTnoctiTeJJbHO Toil IIJIH HHoii ocii nonyiJaiOT nyTeM YMHO"lKenna o6neMoB nepepa6oTKII rpyHTa B KmK- JJ,oil: II3 qmryp KBaJJ,paTa (3naqermJI V; II Vrpi) na cooTBeTCTBYIDIIJHe KoopJJ,II-
HaTbi X |
1 |
II Y;. 3aTeM HaXOJI.5IT cyMMapnhre cTaTnqecKne MOMeHTbi L(V; • X ) |
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cyMMapnhiH o6neM rpynTOBbiX Mace }:(V,) OTJJ,em.no JJ,J15I Ka"lK- |
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JI.OH BhieMKII u |
Ka"lKJJ,OM nacbmii. Bee 3TH paciJeTbi peKOMenJJ,yeTC5l BbiTIOJIHJITh |
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B Ta6nwmoii !J;lopMe c OKpyrnenneM nonyqennhrx 3Ha'IeHJIHJJ,O IJeJroro IJIIcrra
(Ta6rr. 2).
Puc. 3. Onpe.[leJieHue KOOp.[luHaT reoMelpuqecKHX ueHTpoB ljluryp IIB 11 IIH u
cpe,[IHeH )l3JihHOCTH rrepeMeJUeHH!l rpyHTa
10 |
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Koop.IJ.HHaThi npHBC.IJ.CHHhiX reoMeTpn<:recKHX 1ICHTpos BhieMKH (Xrm H Y,m)
H HaChiiUI (Xnn H Yrru) pacCLJHThiBaiOTCH KaK qacTHhiC OT )J,eneHmi cyMMhi co-
OTBCTCTBYIOIIJHX CTaTHLJCCKHX MOMCHTOB Ha CYMMapHhlC o6nCMhi rpyuTa B Bbi-
CMKe (IIJil1 HaCbiiiH), T.e.
Xnn =~(Vi • Xi )n /~(Vi)n, M; Yrm =~(Vi • Yi )B /~(Vi )n, M; |
(12) |
Xmr = l:(Vi • Xi ),J ~(Vi)H, M; Ymr= l:(Vi • Yt)H/~(Vi )H, M. |
(13) |
Cpe.IJ.HH51 .IJ.aJihHOCTh rrepeMeiiJemm rpyHTa II3 ImaHHpOBOLJHOM BhiCMKII B IIJiaHIIpOBOLJHYIO HaCbinb HaXO)l,IITC5! ( C OKpyrJICIIIICM )],0 1ICJIOrO LJliCJia) no
Q:JopMyne |
|
Lnn= ~ [(XIlB- Xnn/ + (YrrBYnu)2], M. |
(14) |
Cpe.IJ.IU15! pacqenraH .IJ.aJibiiOCTh nepeMeiiJe:mi5! rpyHTa no sceii cTpOHTeJih-
HOM IIJIOIIJa)J,Ke B 1ICITOM onpc.IJ.CJI5leTc5l no Q:JopMyne |
|
Lcp. pac•r = (L'nn · V' + L"rm · V" + ...) / (V' + V" + ...), M. |
(15) |
ITo norryLJeHHOMY 3Ha'leHHIO Lcp. pac~ npoH3BO.IJ.IITC5! Bh16op Heo6xo)J,liMOM 3CMJICpOHHO-TpaHCI10pTHOH TCXHIIXli corrraCHO peKOMCH)l,aiJII5lM, npiiBC)J,CH-
HhiM B npiiJI. 1.
Ta6nuu:a 2
Pac•teT cpe).l,neif ~~an~>nocTH nepeMeu~ennH rpyuTa 1n nJiaHHpoBO'IIIoif
BhJCMKH B IIJlallllpOBO'IHYJO HaChinh
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IIJIAHJ1.POBOl.lHA51 BLIEMKA |
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HJ1AH11POBOIIHA5l HACbiHh |
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Vi, Mj |
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11 |
12 |
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a) llepeMeru:emre rpyHTa 113 |
IIB-1 B |
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6) ITepeMerl(eHne rpyHTa m |
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1. B Ta6nJJfl(e H3 pac'IeTa ,L\OJDKHbl 6blTb MCKJI!O'ICHbl KBa,n:paT.bl |
CTpOHTCJl.bHOH CCTKH, B KOTO- |
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pl,JX |
B.bieMKa pa3pa6aT.E.JBaeTc5I |
c B.biR030M rpyrua l!JlH |
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B Ta6nnl(e CJIC)l_yeT npeeycM<rrpHBaTb B TOM CJJyqae, KOr,n:a '-IHCJIO |
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BbiCMOK l1Jll1 |
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12
5. OIIPE,[(EJIEHHE COCTABA H OG'hEMOB UJIAHHPOBOqHhlX PAGOT, BhiGOP TEXHOJIOrHII HX BhiiiOJIHEHU.H
Ilpii Bhi6ope COCTaBa HC06XO,U:IIMhiX pa60T no BepTHKaJihHOM IIJiaHIIpOBI(C
crpoHTeJihHOH nnoiiJa.IJ.KH cne)J,yeT pyKOBO.IJ.CTBOBaThC5I pe3yJibTaTaMII BhiTIOJI- neHHhiX Bhrwe pac'!eTOBII nepeLIHCM pa60T, npe.IJ.YCMorpeHHhiX EHIIP E2-1 «MexaHH3IIposanHhie 11 pyLIHhre 3CMJI5IHhie pa6onm (M.: CTpoii:II3.IJ.aT, 1988).
B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3THM, B nnaHllpOBOLJHhiC pa60Thl MOryT BKJIIO'!aThC5! CJ1e-
.IJ.YIOIIJI1C CTpOIITCJihHhiC npOIJCCCbi:
-CpC3Ka paCTliTCJibHOrO CJI05l 6yJib)J,03epaMli IIJIH rpeH)J,epaMII;
-pa3pa60TK3 rpynTa B nJiaHIIpOBO'IHOM BhiCMKe !1 ero nepeMCIIJCHHC B nrraHHpOBOLJnyiO HaChiilh Bhi6paHHbiM BII,U:OM 3CMJICpOMHO-TpaHCI10pTHOM TCX-
HIIKH Ha paccTo5lHMe, paBnoe LBH;
- npiiCMKa rpyHTa 113 aBTOC3MOCBaJIOB li ero pa3paBHHBaHMC 6yJih):I03CpOM (B cnyqae, KOr.IJ.a ~Vn• < ~VnH ) B KBa.IJ.paTax, r)J,e YKITa.IJ.hiBaeTcH npiiB03Hoii
rpyHT;
-CI<y'!IIBaHIICrpyHTa 6yrrh,U:03Cp0M (B crryqae, l<or,n:a LV11" > 2:V11 H) B KBa)J,paTaX, 113 KOTOpbiX rpyHT 6y,LJ,CT pa3pa6aThiBaThCJ{ Ha BhiB03;
-norpy3Ka BhiB03HMOro rpynTa B rpancnopTHhiC cpe.IJ.cTsa;
-ynrrOTHCHIIC rpyHTa B nJiaHMpOBOLJHOM H3ChiTII1.
5.1. Cpe:nm pacniTeJibHoro cJioSI rpyuTa. B cooTBCTCTBHH c 3Kono-
riiLJeCKHMH Tpe6oBaHli5IMI1 BCpXHliM paCTHTCJihHbiM C:JIOM rpyHTa, OTHOC5IIIJI1H- C5I I< niTO.IJ.OpO.IJ.HOMY CJIOIO nOLJBhl, nO)J,JIC)l(IIT cpe3KC U: nepeMCIIJCHliiO B cneqii- aJlhHO Bhl)J,CJICHHhiC MCCTa, r)J,e OHH CKJia)J,HpyiOTC5l li xpaWl.TC51 )J,JI5! nocrre-
.IJ.YIOIIJCrO HCnOJih30BaHII5l np11 6naroyCipOHCTBC TeppiiTOpiiii no OKOH'!aHIIH cTpOIITCJihCTBa. Hnor)J,a ero OTB0351T Ha .IJ.pyrHe nnQwa.IJ.KH .IJ.IT5l BhmorrneHM51 o3eJieHIITCJihHbiX pa6oT. Ho so Bcex cnyqa5lx pa6oTtr c nno,n:opO.IJ.HhiM pacTMTerrhHhiM CJIOCM HC06XO)J,IIMO npe.IJ.OXpaH5ITh ero OT CMCI.IIIIBaHI15! C Hli)l(CJIC-
)l(aiiJHM Henno.IJ.opo,n:HhiM cnoeM, OT 3arp5I3HCHM5l, pa3MhiBa II BhiBeTpHBaHM5I.
ToJIIIJIIHa pacTIITCJihHoro cnoH onpe.IJ.eJI5ICTC5l npii rn,n:poreonoriiqecKIIX Hc- cne)J,oBaHII5IX TeppHTOpiiH CTpOHTCJihHOM nrroiiJa.IJ.KII. KaK npaBMJIO, oHa co- cTaBn5leT HC 6orree 15 CM IIpii OTCyTCTBIIII KOpneM KYCTapHHKOB li HC 6orree 25 CM npii IIX HaJIMqHH.
Cpe3Ka pacTIITerrhHoro CJI05l rpynTa npoH3BO.IJ.liTC5I 6ynh.IJ.03epaMII (piic.
I14.1) 3a O)J,MH-)J,Ba npOXO)J,a no O)J,HOMY CJIC.IJ.Y 11p11 OTCyTCTBMH I<OpHCM Kyc- TapHMKOB II 3a )J,Ba-Tpi1 rrpoxo,n:a - npii IIX HaJIIILJIIII. Ilp11 3TOM II3MCpliTCJieM o6neMoB pa6oT B EH11P ( §E2-1-5) npHH51Ta nrroiiJa.iJ,h O'lHIIJCHHOHnosepxHo- CTM. B pacqeTHOM pa6oTe OI-Ia onpe)J,eJI5ICTC>I KaK nnoiiJa)J,b 3a)J,aHHOM CipOII- TCJihHOM nJIOIIJa)J,KII.
5.2. Pa3pa6oTKa u nepeMetu,euue rpyHTa H3 liB B IIH (piic. 114.2)
npOII3BO)J,5ITC5l 3CMJICpOHHO-IpaHcnopTHhiMII Mai.IIIIHaMII, Bhi6paHHhiMI1 B pa3- )J,CJIC 4 B 3aBHCIIMOCTII OT cpe.IJ.HCM )J,aJihHOCTH nepeMCIIJCHI15l rpyHTa. 06neM
13
I
I 1
1,.
I
pa60T B cooTBeTCTBHH c EHHP (§E2-1-21 H §E2-l-22) H3Mep~eTCH B M3 rpyHTa II npHHIIMaeTC5I no ,n:aHHhiM Ta6JI.2, paBHhiM l:Vmr (mm. l:Vrm, CCJIH l:VrrB < LVnH).
0 lip11 sepTl!KaJibHoli rrnaHHposKe rrnorn:aL(OK 6ynhL(03epaMH pa3pa6oTKa 11 rrepeMe- rn:eHHe rpyHT3 MO)[(CT rrpmi3BOJJ;I1TbCH L(BYM51 CIIOC063MI1- Tp3HIIICHHbiM 11 IIOCJIOMHb!M. lipn TpaHirreliHoM crroco6e BhieMKa pa36nsaeTc51: Ha npycbl rny6rmoi1 0,4 ... 0,5 M n K3)[(L(biH 51:pyc pa3pa6aTbiBaCTCH TpaiiiiiC51MII Ha IIIIIpHHY OTBaJia, OCT3BJI5151 MC)[(L(y HHMII IIOJIOCbi HCTpOHYTOrO rpyHT3 Il111pHHOH 0,4 ... 0,6 M. 3TII IlOJIOCbi cpe33IOTCH B IIOCJICL(-
HIOIO O"!epeL(b, "'TOfl03BOJI51CT HCKJIID'IHTb0Cblll3HI1C rpyHT3 C OTBaJia B CTOpOHy B rrpo-
U:CCCe rrepeMeii(CHH5l. Uprr IIOCJIOHHOM cnoco6e, KOTOpbii1 HCTIOJib3YCTC5l npn CJIQ)KHOM
oqepTaHIIII nnorn;aL(OK 11 rrpn He6om,moil rny6rrHe cpe3KH, BhieMKa pa3pa6aTbTBaeTC5l
CJI051MII Ha TOJJIJ~HHY CHJJM3CMOH CTPY)[(KII 3a OL(HH rrpOXOJ( IIOCJICL(OB3TeJibHO 110 seen
n!IIpHHe BbleMKH nnrr OTL(CJibHbiX ee L£aCTei1. lipn rrepeMell(eHHII rpyHTa Ha L(aJibHIIe
paCCT05lHI15l ( CBbiUie 40 M) AJ151 CHJl)[(CHI15l fiOTepb rpyHT3 33 C'ICTero 0CbJJI3Hll5l C bOKOB
OTBaJI3 p33p3bOTKY BbJCMKll u;enecoo6pa3HO npOI13BOL(HTb C ycTpOHCTBOM rrpoMe)[(y-
TO"'HbiXB3JlJlKOB rpyHTa ('Iepe3K3)[(L(blC 40 ... 50 M) IIJIH C1I3pCHHOH pa60TOM HCCKOJib- KHX 6yJJbL(03CpOB.
lipii JlCIIOJib30B3HI111 wm BepTliKaJJbHOll IIJI3HIIpOBKI1 CKpenepoB B 33BHCHMOCTII OT
B3aiJMHOrO paCIIOJI())KCHI1.H MCCT pa3p360TKI1 II YKJJ3L(KII rpyHT3 1IpiiMCH5liOTC.H CXCMbi
L(BI1)[(CHIJ5l crcpenepoB flO :HJJ111TJCY, cnnpaJIH, BOCbMCpKOI:'J, 311r3aroM, "'CJIHO'IHO- TJOIIepeL£Ha5l II 'ICJIHO'IH0-IIpOL(OJibH3.H.
5.3. Pa3pa6on~a H CK~IHBaHHe B liB BhiB03HMoro rpyHTa (JJ:JlH cny- qaH, Kor,n:a l:VnB > l:V,m) npOI13BOJJ:HTC5I 6yJihJJ:03epaMJ1 (p11c. IJ4.3) B npe,n:e-
JiaX KU)KJJ:OrO KBa,n:paTa CTpOI!TCJlhHOH CeTKII. Ilpii :noM cpe,n:H5f5I JJ:aJihHOCTh nepeMelll;eHII5f rpyHTa npiiHIIMaeTC5I paBHOH nOJIOBIIHe .IJ:JIIIHhl CTOpOHhi KBa,n:- paTa. 06LeM pa6oT npiiHIIMaeTCH paBHhiM pa3HOCTII (I:VnB - I.Vm,) co 3HaKOM
«+» |
no L(aHHhiM Ta6n.1. |
|
5.4. 1Iorpy3Ka B ITB BhiB03HMoro rpyHTa B TpaHcnopTHhle cpeJJ.CT- |
Ba |
npOII3BO.IJ:IITC5l aBTOnorpy3qHKaMII (pilC. IJ4.3a) IIJIII 3KCKaBaTopaMil C |
KOBIIIOM «npHMa5f JIOnaTa» (p11C. IJ4.36), KOTOpbiC Bhi6Hp3IOTCH no eMKOCTH KOBIUa B 3aBilCHMOCTH OT o6LeMa BhiB03HMOrO rpyHTa Vnep.rp. 06LeM norpy- 30qHhiX pa6oT (B M3 rpyHTa comaCHo §E2-1-8 EHnP) npHHilMaeTcH paBHhiM
Vneprp (co 3HaKOM «+»), onpe,n:eJieHHbiM no cpopMyJie (7).
5.5. llpnel\n.:a H pa3panunnanne npuBe3eHHoro rpyHTa (JJ:JIH cnyqaH, KOr,n:a l:V11" <LYnn). ).J;ocTaBJICHHhlH B aBTOCaMOCBaJiaX npiiB03HOH rpyHT Bhirpy)KaeTCH Henocpe,n:cTBeHHO Ha MecTa yKJiaJJ:KII Il pa3paBHHBaeTc5I 6ynh.IJ:03epoM (piiC. f!4.4a). f!pu 3TOM o6LeM pa60T (B M3 rpyHTa COrJiaCHO §E2-1-22
EHnP) npilHilMaeTC}l paBHhiM Vncp rp (co 3HaKOM «-» ), |
onpe,n:eneHHhiM no |
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<jlopMyne (7), |
a TOJIIll;HHa OTChmaeMoro CJI05f rpyHTa (bore) onpe,n:emreTC5f no |
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cpopMync |
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horc = Vncp.rp. / (I:Fi )ore , |
(16) |
r,n:e (l:Fi )o,c - |
nnorrraJJ:h yKna,[(KII rrpnBo3HOLO rpyHTa. |
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5.6. YmiOTHeune rpyuTa B mmunposoqHOH uachlnH cne,n:yeT npe,n:y-
cMaTpnBaTh IIplll.!,CHHhlMil HJIIl CaMOXOL\HblMil K3TKaMH qeThlpbM5I npoxo,n:aMII
no OJJ:HOMY CJie,n:y (piiC. !14.46). fipH 3TOM o6LeM pa60T, HCqJ1CJIHeMbiH JJ:ITH
2
rrnoma,n:eii comacHo §E2-l-29 §E2-l-31 EHnP B M ynnoTHeHHOH nosepxHo-
CTil, rrpnHnMaeTCH paBHhiM (I:FDnH |
no Ta6JI. 1, a cpe,n:HJIJI ,n:nnna roHa paccqii- |
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T.biBaeTC5f no cpopMYJie |
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(17) |
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frona = |
(I:Fi)nn /bun, |
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r,n:e bnH- pa3Mep HaCbliiH ITO IIIIlpilHe OTChiiiKil, M.
Bee pe3yiThTaT.bi npHHHT.biX perneHIIM no Tex.Hononm npon3BOJJ:CTBa nna-
HnpoBoqHbiX pa6oT II B.bif!OJIHeHH.biX pacqeTOB |
06'bCMOB pa60T |
CB0)],5fTC5f B |
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Ta6n. 3. |
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Ta6nnua 3 |
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Dt::,tJ,Ulll\1\..I.D UV'U"-'11'.1.'\.J'IU' .._._., ................... 1-"~ - |
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HanMeHOB3HMe TeXHOJiorrrL£ecrmx |
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Kon-so |
llpHMeqaHH5l |
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n/n |
npouecCOB (no ITOCJICL(OBaTCJibHOCTI1 |
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IIX BblllOJIHCHHH) |
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+----- -----·-- |
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1 |
Cpe3Ka pacTHTCJJbHOI'O enol! 6ynh)~o- |
M |
2 O"!HliJ;eHHOH |
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3C£l0M |
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llOBCpXHOCTII |
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2 |
BepTuKarrbnaJI |
ITJI3H11pOBKa |
CTIJOll- |
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TCJibHOH IIJIOII(aL(KH: |
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M 3 rpyHT3 |
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pa3pa6oTKa n rrepeMemeHne rpyHTa |
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II3 liB B liH cKperrepoM (6ynh!J03e- |
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poM) rrp11 cpe,[IHCH L(aJibHOCTI1 nepe- |
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MCIIJCHll5l |
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M 3 rpyHT3 |
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pa3pa6oTKa |
11 cKy'fnBaHHe BbiB03H- |
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Moro rpyHTa B liB 6ynh,[I03epoM |
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3 rpyHT3 |
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norpy3Ka BblB03HMOrO rpyHT3 3KC- |
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KaBaTOpOM B TpaHCHOpTHOe cpe,IICTBO |
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rrpnse- M |
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rrpHeMKa II |
pa3paBHHBanne |
rpyrua |
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3enHoro rpynTa B HH 6yrrhL(03epoM |
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2 |
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yrrJJOTHCHHe rpyHT3 B UH npiiil,CII- |
M |
YHJIOTHCHHOII |
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HbiMII (C3MOXO,[IHbiMH H L(p.) K3TKaMII |
IIOBepXHOCTII |
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HpiiMeL£aHIIe. B |
rparjle |
5 yKa3hiBaeTC5l Jin6o pac'feTHaHrjlopMyJia, rro KoTopoii orrpeAe- |
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JIJieTc5l ObbCM pabOT, JI!160 |
CCbiJJK3, r):(e 3TOT paC'ICTrrpiiBCL(CH. |
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6.KAJihKYJUIIJ,lUI. TPY)1,03ATPAT, 3ATPAT MAillllHHOrO BPEMEHH
IICTOHMOCTH PAliOT
Be,n:oMOCT.b o6LeMOB pa6oT JIBJIHeTcH ocHOBHhiM HCXOJJ:HhiM MaTepuanoM JJ:JIH B.biiiOJIHeHil5I pacqeToB Heo6xo,n:nM.biX 3arpaT MaiiiiiHHoro speMeHil, ypy- JJ:OBhiX 3aTpaT II IlX CTOilMOCTII IIpii B.blfiOJIHeHilii JII06.biX CYpOIITCJihH.biX pa60T, B TOM qnCJie II Bepnn<aJihHOH IIJiaHilpOBKII CTpOHTCJihHOM IIJIOIU3JJ:KII. Cornac-
14 |
15 |
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'1.
i: II
il'
II:
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HO npHHJ.J:TbiM <lJopMyJIHpOBKaM TCXHOJIOrH'ICCKHX npOll,CCCOB (B rpa<lJe 2
ra6JI.3) B coorBeTCTBYIOIIJ,HX pa3!J;eJiax EHIIP E2-1 Haxo)J;JIT noKa3aTeJIII II3Me- piiTeJie:ii 3THX npor~eCCOB, HOpMbi 3aTpaT MaiiiiiHHOrO BpeMeHH, ImpMbl 3aTpaT
pa6oqero BpeMeHH, COCTaB pa6oqero 3BeHa H paCIJ,CHKH Ha HX BbillOJIHCHHe, Ha
OCHOBaHIIH KOTOpbiX II COCTaBJIJIIOT KaJibKYJIJIIJ,HIO ITO <lJopMe Ta6JI. 4.
0 IJpii OIIpC,[(CJICHIIII HOpM 3aTpaT MaiiiHHHOfO II pa6oqero BpCMCH}! II paCIJ,CHOK ITO
EHIIP E2-1 crre,[(yeT o6paTHTb BHIIMaHIIe Ha cJie,[(yrorniie oco6eHIIOCTII:
- ITpH pa3pa60TKe rpyHTa 3CMJICpOMHbiMII II 3CMJICpOMHO-TpaHCITOpTHblMII MaiiiiiHa-
MH rpyiTITa rpyHTa ITO TPYAHOCTII HX pa3pa6oTKH MCXaHH3IIpoBaHHbiM CITOC060M ycTa- HaBJIIIBaCTCH ITO Ta6rr. 1 rrraBbi I, a pyqi-JbiM CIToco6oM no Ta6rr. 1 rrraBbl IT EH11P;
- nopMbi TPYA03aTpaT B Ta6niio;ax EH11P rrpiiBe,[(eHbi B !JIJCJIIITerre (6e3 cKo6oK - HOpMa pa60lJCfO BpeMCHII B !JCJI.-!J, B CK06KaX- HOpMa MaiiiHHHOfO BpCMCHII B Marn.-q), a paco;eHKII (B py6mrx- Konei1Kax ITO Kypcy 1984 r.)- B 3HaMeHaTerre (AJUI ITepeson:a
Ha HbiHCIIIHIIM Kypc py6nn rrpiiBen:eHHble B c6opHHKax EHrrP paco;eHKH cne):(yeT yMHO-
lKIITb Ha nepeBO):(HOM K03rpqll1Il,llCHT ,L(JU! 3CMJJHHbiX pa6oT, ycTaHaBJIHBaCMbiM rocCTpO- CM P<JJ);
- rrp11 pmpa6oTKe rpyHTa 6yJibl\03epaMrr HOpMbi TPYJJ:03aTpaT (H.P ) 11 pacr~eHKH
(P) 3aBHCJIT OT JJ:MbHOCTH ITepeMerneHIDI rpynTa Lcp |
rr onpe):(eJIJIJOTCH ITO CJJCJJ:YJOiliHM |
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3aBHCIIMOCTJIM: |
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HBp = HBp '+1\HBP · (Lcp -10) I 10; |
P = |
P'+ 1\P · {Lcp- 10) I 10, |
(18) |
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r,[(e H"P ' II |
P' |
- cooTBCTCTBenno HopMbi TPYLJ:03arpa:r 11 pacrreHKH nprr ):(anbHOCTI1 |
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rrepeMerneHHH rpynTa JJ:O 10 M; |
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L\H8 p II |
L\P - ):(OriOJIHCHHJI COOTBCTCTBCHHO K HOpMaM TPYJJ:03aTpaT 11 paCil,CHKaM Ha |
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Ka)K):(biC 10M ,[(OITOJIHHTCJibHOfO ITCpCMCIIJ,CHI1JI rpyHTa (cBepx nepBbiX 10M); |
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- ITPH pa3pa6oTKe rpytna npmrenHI>IMH CKpenepaMII HOpMbi TPYJJ:03aTpaT |
(H p) |
II |
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paco;eHKI1 (P) B 3aBJJCJJMOCTH OT ):(aJJI>HOCTJJ nepeMerneHJJJI rpyHTa Lcp |
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8 |
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onpe):(eJJJIJOTCH |
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ITO CJICJJ:YJOillllM 3aBI1CHMOCTJIM: |
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HBp = HBp '+~H8p · (Lcp -100) I 10; |
P = |
P'+ 1\P · (Lcp -100) I |
10, |
(19) |
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r):(e Hsp '11 |
P' - cooTBCTCTBeHHo HOpMbi TPYJJ:03aTpaT 11 paco;eHKJJ rrprr gaJIJ>HOCTI1 rre- |
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peMerneniDI rpynTa 11:0 100 M; |
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~HBp |
II |
1\P |
- ,[(OllOJIHCH11H COOTBCTCTBCHHO K HOpMaM TPY!l:03aTpaT 11 paCIJ,CHKaM |
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Ha KalK):lbie |
10 M ):lOITOJIHllTCJlbHOfO nepeMeiirCHllJI rpyHTa ( CBepx rrepBbiX 100 M); |
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- np:rr pmpa6oTKe rpynTa caMOXO):lHbiMI1 CKpenepaMII HopMhi TPY!l:03aTpaT |
(H r) |
II |
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paco;enKH (P) |
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8 |
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B 3aBIICHMOCTII oT il:MbHOCTII nepeMerneHIIJI rpyHTa Lcr onpe):JeJIHJOTCJI |
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110 CJJC!l:YJOilli1M 3aBIICIIMOCTJIM: |
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Hop= HBp '+L\H8 p · (Lcp- 300) I 100; |
P = |
P'+ 1\P · (Lcp- 300) I 100, |
(20) |
||||||
rge Hap'H P' - COOTBCTCTBCHHO nopMbi Tpyn:o3aTpaT 11 paco;emm rrpii n:aJibHOCTII nepe- MerneHI1JI rpyHTa go 300 M;
~H"P |
II L\P - il:OllOJIHCHI151 COOTBeTCTBeHHO K HOpMaM TPYA03aTpaT II paco;enKaM |
na KaJK):lbie |
100M lJOHOJIHIITeJibHoro rrepeMernemur rpyrna (csepx nepBb!x 300M). |
16
7. KAJIEH)lAPHOE IJJIAHHPOBAHME M PACqET TEXHHK0-
3KOHOMfiqECKMX I10KA3ATEJIEM IlPOM3BO)lCTBA
IIJIAHMPOBOqHhJX PAiiOT
IJpoeKTMpOBaHHC TCXHOllOrHH JII06biX CrpOHTellhHbiX IIpO~eCCOB 3aBepiiia-
CTCJI COCTaBJlCHHeM KallCH)].apnoro rmana npOI13BO!J;CTBa pa60T, KOTOpbiH pa3-
pa6aTbiBaCTCJI n:a ocnoBe KaJihKYJIJI~IIII TPY!J:03aTpaT II Y"IeTa Bcex paHee npii-
HJIThiX TCXHOJIOrRqecKHX peiiieHHH 110 BhillOJJHeHIIIO CTpOIITCJibHbiX npo~ec
COB.
0 1\anen.n:apHbiU UJlaU- :no ):lOKYMCHT, KOTOpblM KOOp,ZIIIHIIpyeT ):leJITCJibHOCTb BCeX yqacTByJOTIIHX B CTIJOIITCJlbCTBC opraHII3alU1H, rrpe,n:rrpiil!TJIM, pa6oq11x 6piira):J II 3BCHb-
CB. Ou onpegemieT nocJICliOBaTCJ!bHOCTb 11 B3aHM0'3aBIICHMOCTb,rrpo!IOJllKHTCJlbHOCTb II
IIHTCHCHBHOCTb Bbll10JIHCHII5l OT):leJibHb!X BIIil:OB pa6oT H TCXHOJIOriiLJ:eCKIIX npoueCCOB,
noTpe6HoCTb B TPYlJ,OBbiX, TeXHHY.CCKHX, MaTepiianhHbiX 11 <jlmJaHCOBI>Ix pecypcax Ha
KalK):JOM 3Tane CTpOIITeJibCTBa.
Kanen.n:apubiH nJJaH cTponTeJJhCTBa OTf~CJibllb!X olh.eKTOB HJUI BhlliOJincrnm
OT)J,CJJhHbiX BH,'J;OBpaOOT ycTaHaBJIHBaCr B3aiiMOCBJI3b II 110CJie)l,OBaTeJ!bHOCTb BbiiiOJ1HCHI151 BCCX C'fpOHTCJ1bHO-MOHTalKHb1Xpa60T, CpOI<JJ 11X Ha'!aJTaH OK0H'IaHI15l,06'bCMbl
pa6oT B 113Mepi1TenHx, upllHJITbiX B EHIIP, ueo6xo.n:IIMble TPY!l:03aTpanr, Y.I1CJIO pa6o-
L£IIX, MaiiiiiH I1 MCXaHI13MOB C yqeTOM IICpCBbiHOJIHCHHl! HO]JM Bbipa60TK!:!, a TaK)KC cpOK egaem o6beKTa B JKcnnyaTaruno.
ilpii COC'faBJICHI111 KaJlCH~WpHbiX llJiaHOB Ha CTpOIITCJibCTBO OT!ICJlbHbiX 06bCKTOB
HJIII Ha BblllOJlHCH.liC OTJ!CJibHblX Bll):IOB pa60T CJIC):IyCT IIpll/~CplKI1BaTbC5l CJlelJYIOll!HX
IIp11Hll,HITOB:
-fiOTO!JHOC BCJ!eHHC CTIJOHTCJibHbiX pa6oT, OCHOBallllOC Ha IIpHHU1111aX pa36IIBKI1 06bCKTa Ha yqaCTKI1 (3aXBaTKI1) H COBMCiliCHill! flO B]JCMCHI1 pa60'!I!XII]JOUCCCOB, Bbi- 110JIID!eMbiX Ha '3TIIX3axsan<ax, '!TOno3BOJIIIT o6ecne•mTb pai1110ilaJihHOC noTpe6JieHne BCeX pecypCOB (MaTep11aJibHbiX, JIJO):JCKI1X, TCXHHqecKI1X, rpi1HaHCOBbiX H lW·) H OIITIIMII3HpOBaTb 1Ip0!10J])KI1TCJLbHOCTb CTpOHTeJibCTBa;
-<jlpOHT pa6oT ):lOJDKeH 6biTb YITJIOTHCHHbiM, T.e. 3aXBaTKII 11 .I\CJ1l!HKI1 no CBOHM pa3MepaM ):lOJilKHbi o6ecne!JHBan Harr6orree 6rrarorrpHl!THI>Ie ycnoBIIH 6e3onacnoro II BbiCOKorrpo113BO!l:HTCJihHOro TPY.IIa pa6oqrrx;
-'IIICJIOpa60'iHXBen:yiiiHX rrpo<jJCCCllll .I\OJilKHO 6b1Tb paBHOMepHbiM Ha npOTJilKCHllll BCero CT]JOHTeJihCTBa (noKa3aTeJJeM CTCfiCH11 paBHOMepHOCTII CJIYlKllT K03rprpiiUIIeHT HepaBHOMepHOCTII norpe6JICHII51 pa6oqe:li CIIJ!bl Kw orrpegem!CMbiM KaK 'IaCTHOeOT n:e- JICHHJI MaKCHMaJibHoro L£JJCJia pa6o'iiiXN"ax B cyTKII, 3aHJITbiX Ha pa6oTe, Ha cpegHecy- TO!Juyro ll0TpC6HOCTb Ncp B pa60•ICM CI1Jie Ha BCC BpCMl! CTpOHTCJibCTBa:
KH=NMaxiNcp, |
(21) |
r,n:e NMax HaXO,ZIIITCH no rparpnKy II01'pe6HOCTIIB pa6oqei1 CIIJIC, a Ncp paccL£HTb!BaeTCl!
no rpopMyrre:
Ncp = L:Trrrr IT, |
(22) |
me T - o6rna5l npO,[(OJilKIITeJibHOCTb pa60Tbi B CYTKaX IlO KaJICH):JapHOMY rparpnKy;
2:Trm - o6rnan cyMMa rrrraHIIpyeMOM TPY.I\OCMKOCTH scex BbiiTOJIHJICMbiX pa6oT.
3HaL£eHue Kn ne ):lOJI)KHO npeBbll!Ia:rh 1,8;
17