Книги по МРТ КТ на английском языке / Functional Neuroimaging in Child Psychiatry Ernst 1 ed 2000

424 Index

neurotransmitter changes (cont.) schizophrenia 191

Tourette's syndrome 248 norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

depression and 207 eating disorders and 301

notochord 114±15

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 412 nuclear spin 412

nuclide 412±13

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 224, 226±31, 237, 260, 329 cognitive/behavioral activation tasks 228±9

response inhibition tasks 228±9 symptom provocation 229

MRS studies 69

neurochemical substrates 229±31 glutamatergic neurotransmitter 230 serotonin 229±30

prevalence 226

simulation training for anxiety reduction 225 structures implicated 226±8

anterior cingulate 227±8 basal ganglia 226 corpus callosum 226±7 frontal cortex 226±7 ventricular size 226

optical imaging 403 optimal ligand kinetics 41

Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) 290 panic disorder 232±4, 237

functional neuroimaging 233±4 structural abnormalities 233

paramagnetic substances 413 partial voluming 13

pattern recognition 385±6 pervasive refusal syndrome 300

PET see positron emission tomography phantom 413

phase encoding 413 phenotype

assessment of 330±1 delineation of 328±9

of known genetic disorders 329±30 phenylketonuria (PKU) 349, 388±90 phobias 234

social phobia 234±5 phonologic awareness 55 phosphorus MRS 64, 70±1

see also magnetic resonance spectroscopy Piaget's theory 138±9

pixel 413

planes of the body 413 planning ability 368±71, 384±5 plasticity 128±9, 335±40

compensatory plasticity 335, 338±42, 351 determination of 340±2

Kennard principle 336±7 neuroimaging studies 339±40

pleiotropy 351±4

Poisson distribution 413

Poisson noise 413

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 317±18 population association study design 322±3 positron 413

positron emission tomography (PET) 3±13, 27, 413 activation studies of facial recognition 212 anxiety disorders 237

attention-de®cit hyperactivity disorder 281±3, 285, 287, 398±9 autism 175±6, 178±80, 342±3, 346

data analysis 15±17 dyslexia 273±4

eating disorders 303±6 anorexia nervosa 303±5, 399 bulimia nervosa 305±6

image formation 4 imaging 3±4 instrumentation 6

interpretation of changes 18±20

eVect of limited spatial resolution 18±20 eVect of head motion 20

physiologic considerations 18 limitations of 4±6

attenuation correction 4±5 deadtime losses 5

image noise 5

random coincidences 5 scatter 5

spatial resolution 5±6

mood disorders 208, 209, 212±16 panic disorder 233

plasticity studies 330±40 positron-emitting radiotracers 6±8 radiation exposure 20, 101 radiotracer modeling 8±9 radiotracer techniques 9±13

cerebral blood ¯ow 12±13 cerebral blood volume 11±12 cerebral glucose metabolism 9±11 cerebral oxygen metabolism 13

risk minimization 103 technical issues 20±1

technologic advances 402±3, 404

Tourette's syndrome 248±54, 255±7, 258, 260±1 see also receptor image modeling

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 235±7 functional neuroimaging study 235±6 structural imaging studies 235

Prader±Willi syndrome 317 precession 413

prefrontal cortex 380±1

attention-de®cit hyperactivity disorder and 281±3 fMRI studies 159±64

maintenance of information in 159±62 suppression of competing information in 162±4

pro®le slice 413

protection of human subjects 99±100 proton density 413

proton MRS 64±70 autism 177 depression 69±70

obsessive-compulsive disorder 69 schizophrenia 67±9, 191, 196±8

see also magnetic resonance spectroscopy pulse sequence programming 413

putamen, attention-de®cit hyperactivity disorder and 284±5

quantum number 413±14

radiation exposure 20, 101, 182 radiofrequency (rf) 414 radiofrequency coils 414 radiofrequency pulse 414 radionuclide 414

radiotracers PET 6±8

radiotracer modeling 8±9 radiotracer techniques 9±13

SPECT 15

random coincidences, PET 5

rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task 372±3 readout gradient 414

receiver coil 414

receptor image modeling 27±42 kinetic models 27±36

basic compartmental model 27±9 blood curve measurement 28±9 correcting for partial volume eVect 35±6 limitations to absolute quanti®cation 33 multiple-injection date modeling 30±1 nonconstant coeYcients 31±3

output equation 28 parameter identi®ability 29±30 resolution eVects 33±5 saturability modeling 29

model simpli®cations 36±8

elimination of need for input function 36±7 graphical methods 38

model-®tting method 37±8 reference region techniques 37

new clinical research applications 39±42

detection of brain neuromodulatory synaptic transmission 40±1 neurotransmitter activation studies 39

possible clinical applications 41±2 reconstruction image 414

recovery time 414 reference region 414

reference region techniques 37 region of interest (ROI) 414 relaxation rates 414

relaxation times 414

repeated free induction decay 414 rephasing gradient 415

response inhibition tasks

attention-de®cit hyperactivity disorder and 292 obsessive compulsive disorder and 228±9

restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) 317 risks

bene®t±risk ratio 99±104 assessment of 104

electromagnetic ®eld exposure 101±2 minimal risk de®nition 100

minimization of 103±4 nongenetic risk factors 331±2 of neuroimaging 100±1 radiation exposure 20, 101 sedation/anesthesia 102

sagittal plane 414 saturation 414

saturation recovery 414±15 scatter, PET 5

schizophrenia spectrum disorders MRS studies 67±9

see also adult-onset schizophrenia; childhood-onset schizophrenia sedation risks 102

selective eating 300

sensorimotor pathways, Tourette's syndrome and 247 sequence delay time 415

sequence repetition time 415 serotonin

autism and 178±81 depression and 207, 209 eating disorders and 301

obsessive-compulsive disorder and 229±30 set-shifting 373, 383±4

shim coils 415 shimming 415

short-term memory 143±4

attention-de®cit hyperactivity disorder and 288±91 short-term processing capacity 139±40

sib-pair study designs 320 signal averaging 415

simulation training for anxiety reduction 225

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 13±15, 27 autism 176±7, 342

data analysis 17±18 eating disorders 306±7

anorexia nervosa 307±8, 399 interpretation of changes 18±20

eVect of limited spatial resolution 18±20 eVect of head motion 20

physiologic considerations 18 mood disorders 208, 217 principles 13±15

radiation exposure 20, 101 radiotracer methods 15 schizophrenia 191 technical issues 21 technologic advances 402±3

Tourette's syndrome 248±54, 257, 258, 260 see also receptor image modeling

single-voxel MRS 61, 63

see also magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) slice selection 415

smoothing 415 social phobia 234±5

spatial frequency ®ltering 415 spatial resolution 415

limited spatial resolution signi®cance 18±20 PET 5±6

receptor image modeling and 33±5 spatial span task 385

426 Index

spatial working memory, CANTAB assessment 371±2, 381±3 speci®c language impairment 348±9

SPECT see single photon emission computed tomography spin coupling 415

spin density 415 spin echo 415

spin±spin broadening 415 spin±spin splitting 416

statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 16±17 Stockings of Cambridge task 368±71

Stroop task 216

Sturge±Weber syndrome 72

subcortical nuclei, Tourette's syndrome and 246±7 substance-use disorders, MRS studies 71 superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) 80 surface coil NMR 416

symptom provocation, obsessive-compulsive disorder 229

Talairach coordinates 416 telencephalon 116, 117

temporolimbic pathways, Tourette's syndrome and 247 tesla 416

tics see Tourette's syndrome time to echo (TE) 416 time to inversion (TI) 416 time to repetition (TR) 416 time±activity curve 416

Tourette's syndrome (TS) 242±62, 399 candidate neural systems 245±8

brainstem neuromodulators and motor nuclei 248 cingulate cortex 247±8

CSTC pathways 245±6 orbitofrontal pathways 247 sensorimotor pathways 247 subcortical nuclei 246±7 temporolimbic pathways 247

confounding factors 243±5 age-related changes 244 chronic illness eVects 243±4 comorbid illnesses 244

normalization of metabolism and blood ¯ow 245 structure±function relationships 244

functional neuroimaging studies 248±58 radioligand studies 255±8

resting metabolism and blood ¯ow studies 248±54 of voluntary tic suppression 255

implications of imaging studies 258±62 brain systems implicated 258±60 functional imaging studies 260

tic suppression study 260±2 phenomenology 242±3

comorbid illnesses 243 genetic basis 242±3

simple and complex tics 242

spectrum of semi-involuntary behaviors 243 Tower of London task 190, 216, 368±71, 374, 384±7

see also Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 403 transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) 320±2 transmission scan 416

transverse magnetization 416 transverse plane 417

transverse relaxation time 416±17 trinucleotide repeat expansion mutations 316

Urbach±Wiethe disease 210±11

variable expressivity 329

ventricular size, role in obsessive-compulsive disorder 226 verbal sparing 351

verbal vulnerability 351

visual recognition memory 373±4, 385±6 visuomotor skill development 150 visuospatial skill development 149±50 vulnerability 335, 337, 338±42

determination of 340±2 verbal vulnerability 351

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III) 290

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) 290, 379 whole genome scans 323

Williams syndrome 330, 355

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) 141, 190, 366, 383±4