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development of Shevchenko as an artist was exerted by his instructor Bryullov, an artist who was well known both in Russia and Europe.

During the late 1840s Shevchenko the artist developed a method of research approach to depict the most typical and characteristic in man, and a particular state of nature. His creative works gradually acquired a social and critical stance. His early works, embodying the dreams and impulses of youth, the works of the exile period, and, finally, the profoundly psychological works he did after his release— such is Shevchenko's evolution from romanticism to critical realism.

In themes and genres, Shevchenko's creative legacy is extremely broad and diverse. As an artist, he had a perfect command of various art techniques, in particular: oil and water-colour painting, sepia, pencil and charcoal drawing, engraving and etching. He produced about 150 portraits, never failing to emphasize in the models the feelings of dignity and civic duty. Through a number of his self- portraits—beginning with a young man of Byronesque mood and appearance (1840) up to a melancholy man worn out with suffering, but not crushed in spirit (1861)—he related not only his own life but the dramatic lot of the personality under conditions of Russia with her serfdom-exploiting system. With special subtlety and precision Shevchenko conveyed the characters of outstanding cultural figures in graphic portraits he painted between 1858 and 1861 (I. Aldridge, M. Shchepkin, M. Maximovich, F. Tolstoi, F. Bruni, P. Klodt). These famous personalities were among Shevchenko's acquaintances and well-wishers who had feelings of deep respect for the Ukrainian poet and artist. Sincere friendship connected Shevchenko with some of them, for instance, the celebrated Russian actor M. Shchepkin, and the Ukrainian scientist and first rector of Kiev University, M. Maximovich.

Shevchenko's pencil drawings, water-colours and sepias on historical themes are noted for their great originality. Most of them are based on the motifs of Ukrainian, Russian and world classic works. Shevchenko turned from antique mythology, literature and history (Dying Gladiator, Narcissus and Nymph Echo, Diogenes), to biblical motifs Blessing the Children, The Parable of Vineyards, The Holy Family), to outstanding events in the history of Ukraine (Picturesque Ukraine), and illustrated the works of N. Gogol, D. Defoe, N. Polevoi, A. Pushkin, and W. Shakespeare.

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Paintings and graphic works of everyday life reflect Shevchenko's moral and social views. His criticism of contemporary life can be traced in many of his works, for example in Katerina (1842) on the subject of a village girl insulted by an army officer, as well as in scenes from the life of the Kazakhs, and in the series of sepias veiled as a gospel parable which actually depicts the crippled life of a young man in czarist Russia. Another theme of Shevchenko's works on everyday life is glorifying the common working people (Peasant's Family, 1843; The Apiary, 1843; Kasalchs by the Campfire1848-1849).

Shevchenko's landscapes also show his stylistic development from romanticism to realism. A comparison of paintings and pencil drawings of various sites, architectural and archaeological monuments in the Ukraine with landscapes depicting the steppes and mountains in Kazakhstan, or the Aral Sea, demonstrates the fact that his expressive approach to the landscape changed, giving place to growing epic, dramatic and monumental approach in his perception of the surrounding world.

The creative works of Shevchenko the artist are all permeated with an idea of the beauty of man and the world. Each of the artist's brush or pencil strokes displays his aspiration for harmony, his call for the struggle for the happiness of the people. The creative legacy of Shevchenko is a source of national pride for the Ukrainian people and belongs to entire mankind.

ART GALLERIES AND MUSEUMS

London's public art galleries include the National gallery, the National portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery and the Wallace Collection. Art exhibits are held at the Royal Academy of Arts and at the Hayward Gallery.

The National Gallery houses are one of the finest collections of masterpieces in the world. In 1824 the government bought the collection of pictures accumulated by John J. Angerstein. The specially built gallery in Trafalgar Square was opened in 1838. It was visited by newly crowned Queen Victoria. The main collection of more than 2,000 pictures is arranged chronologically in 4 wings. Sainsbury Wing /1260-1510/, West Wing /1510-1600/, North Wing /1600-1700/, and East Wing /1700-1920/. Italian painting includes works by Botticelli and Leonardo Da Vinci. Paintings of the Dutch and Flemish schools include the works of Rembrandt,

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Rubens, and Van Dyck. French and Spanish paintings include works by Velazquez and Goya, Manet and Renoir. British paintings include selection from Hogarth to Turner. There are Gainsborough's superb Mr. and Mrs. Andrews and Constable's famous Haywain. Admission is free.

The National Portrait Gallery includes pictures of historical personalities, sculpture, miniatures, engravings and photographs. It was established in 1856 with the aim of illustrating British history. The Gallery does not display portraits of living persons, apart from members of the royal family. Items in their historical context accompany the portraits.

The Tate Gallery houses the national collection of British works of the 16-20th cc. Sir Henry, Tate, the sugar magnate, offered to finance the building of a new gallery. He donated his own collection of 64 paintings. The British works begin with Man in a Black Cap pained by John Bettes in 1545. Hogarth, Blake, Turner and Constable are particularly well represented. There is a collection of kinetic and optical art.

The British Museum is one of the most famous museums in the world. It was founded in 1753 by an Act of Parliament. It houses a collection of ancient civilizations and 15-million-volume national library. In 1973 the library became part of the newly formed British Library. There are many giant statues in the Museum. The Museum is famous for Egyptian mummies of kings and queens. In Room 25 there is the Rosetta Stone, which was the key to understanding Egyptian picture writing, hieroglyphs. The writing tells of battles of the time. Free introductory tours include The World of Asia, Europe, The Ancient Near East, Early Egypt and Nubia, and Treasures of the Islamic World. Admission is free although donations are welcome.

The Victoria and Albert Museum / V & A/ has the largest collection of decorative art. The English costumes dating from the 16th century are displayed

here. The oldest is a boy's shirt from the 1540's. There are also outstanding

landscapes of John Constable and English and Continental sculpture. There is a

special collection of tiny miniature portraits. The Great Bed of Ware was made of

oak in 1580 is kept at V & A. It is big enough to hold 8 people. The people who

slept in it, by tradition carved their names on it.

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The Louvre, national art museum of France and the palace in which it is housed, located in Paris, on the right bank of the Seine River. The structure, until 1682 a residence of the kings of France, is one of the largest palaces in the world. It occupies the site of a 13th-century fortress. In 1793 the Louvre was opened as a public museum, and the French painter Jacques-Louis David was appointed head of a commission to administer it. In 1848 it became the property of the state.

The nucleus of the Louvre collections is the group of Italian Renaissance paintings—among them several by Leonardo da Vinci—which were owned by Francis I, a collector and patron of note. Among its greatest treasures are two of the most famous sculptures of the ancient world, the Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo, and Leonardo's famous portrait, Mona Lisa. The Louvre also holds works by the other Italian masters Raphael and Titian and paintings by the northern artists Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt. Protection of all the Louvre's priceless masterpieces during the two world wars was effected by their removal to secret depositories outside Paris.

The Prado, art museum located in Madrid, Spain. Also called the National Museum of Painting and Sculpture, the Prado houses nearly 3000 paintings and many other sculptures, drawings, and pieces of furniture and decorative art.

The collection consists mainly of works added to the Spanish royal collection from the 16th century to the early 19th century. Artists from countries that were friendly with Spain contributed to the royal collection, so many outstanding examples of the Italian and Flemish schools of painting are represented. Of particular note is a series of paintings by Titian commissioned by Charles V and Philip II in the 16th century, and a series painted by Rubens for Philip IV in the early 17th century. In addition, the Prado houses an outstanding collection of paintings from the Spanish school, including works by Goya and El Greco.

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The Prado was founded in 1810 by King Fernando VII at the initiative of his wife, Doсa Isabel of Braganza. The original building, a great work of neoclassical architecture by the Spanish architect D. Juan de Villanueva, has had several extensions added to it during the 20th century. Today the collection is divided between the Villanueva building, which houses paintings from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, and the Casуn del Buen Retins, which houses 19th century works formerly displayed in the Prado and the Modern Art Museum.

State Hermitage Museum, museum of art in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The Hermitage is the largest public museum in Russia and home to one of the greatest art collections in the world. Russian Empress Catherine the Great founded the Hermitage in 1764 as a museum for the royal court. The holdings originally consisted of Western European works of art that she purchased from private collections. These were housed in a private gallery called the Small Hermitage that was connected to the Winter Palace, the vast, ornate winter home of the Russian tzars. The tzars who succeeded Catherine substantially increased the collections, which expanded into the Old Hermitage, another private gallery adjoining the Winter Palace. The buildings comprising the Hermitage were rebuilt after a fire in the Winter Palace in 1837. The museum opened to the public in 1852 and became public property known as the State Hermitage Museum in 1917, following the Russian Revolution.

The collections are now housed in five magnificent interconnected buildings, including the Winter Palace. The lavish exteriors and interiors of these buildings are of architectural and historical importance in themselves. They provide a rich setting for collections that cover virtually every aspect of the fine arts, from classical antiquity to 20th-century painting. The collection also includes examples of Russian art, artifacts from non-Western cultures, Oriental art, coins, and jewelry.

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The Hermitage’s collection of Western European art is particularly strong in

Italian, Spanish, Flemish, and Dutch paintings and includes major works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Giorgione, Caravaggio, El Greco, Rembrandt, and Peter Paul Rubens. The Schukin and Morozov Collections of impressionist, postimpressionist, and modern paintings contain many of the finest works by Henri Matisse, as well as major paintings by Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri Rousseau, and Pablo Picasso.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, art museum in New York City, one of the largest museums in the world. Founded in 1870 by a group of public figures, philanthropists, and artists, the museum has occupied its current location in New York City's Central Park since 1880 in buildings designed by the American architect Richard Morris Hunt.

The museum's collections, among the finest in the world, are divided into 18 curatorial departments. Each department is responsible for the acquisition, preservation, and exhibition of its works. A description of each department follows.

American Art

This department focuses on artworks from the Colonial period to the present-day United States. It houses paintings, textiles, glass and ceramic work, furniture, and household furnishings. Among the artists featured are the American painters Thomas Cole, John Singer Sargent, Thomas Eakins, and Winslow Homer.

Drawings, Prints, and Photographs

4000 drawings, particularly French and Italian works from the 15th through the 19th century; photographs; and a print collection that includes prints used as book illustrations make up this department's collections.

European Paintings

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Over 3000 paintings, including works by masters such as the Italian painters Andrea Mantegna, Sandro Botticelli, and Agnolo Bronzino; Flemish painters Jan van Eyck, Peter Paul Rubens, and Sir Anthony van Dyck; Dutch painters Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer; and Spanish painters El Greco and Francisco Goya make up this department's collection.

20th-Century Art

Pierre Bonnard, Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field, art nouveau, and art deco are represented in a collection of 8000 pieces including paintings, works on paper, sculpture, architecture, and works of design.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1.What purposes does true art serve? Can art be great if it is not linked with the life of people, their interests and ideas?

2.Is it worthwhile creating pictures intended for a select few? Apart from the artists' desire to create a work of visual beauty, there are other reasons for making pictures. Can you point out some of them?

3.How does art help us to understand the outside world and ourselves? What does the artist convey through his art?

4.What is the chief value of the art of painting as you see it? What service do you think the artist/ painter performs for mankind? How does the pictorial art serve as a valuable historical record for the generations to come? Can you supply examples?

5.What are the most essential qualities every artist must necessarily possess?

6.What is the high vocation of art? What is the prime responsibility of the artist? Which is your favourite kind of art?

7.Why was it that an artist was sometimes unappreciated in his own lifetime yet highly prized by the following generations? Give examples.

8.Is it possible to learn how to appreciate paintings? The ability to appreciate a work of art is an acquired taste, isn't it? How is one to gain a better understanding of art? Should one be shamed of one's apparent dullness in this respect?

9.How are the paintings to be viewed? Is the excellency of the artist's style on the surface and seen at the first view?

10.How do you work at developing your own artistic taste? Are you in the habit of reading the articles on art in the newspapers and magazines which devote considerable space to art?

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11.What is meant under the Fine Arts? What kinds of pictures are there according to the techniques and the subject-matter?

12.What is a still life/ landscape/ portrait/ genre painting? Speak on the genres and their development in art history. Which genres are most appealing to your taste?

13.What national schools of painting are usually distinguished in European art? What trends and styles can you name?

14.What is typical of realism/ impressionism/ cubism/ expressionism/ surrealism?

15.What outstanding art museums do you know? Which of them would you like to visit first and foremost and why? What artistic attractions are there on display in the art museums of our capital /in our local art museum/, in the art museum of your native town?

16.What are the superb heights of British paintings? Get ready to speak on your favourite English painter.

17.Who is your favourite painter? What is he famous for? Describe a masterpiece belonging to his brush. Make use of the scheme for describing a picture. Try to make the most of the suggested topical vocabulary. (See and practice the outline for describing a given painting).

NOTE ON USAGE

The Arts

The Arts include:

-Fine Art(s) – painting, sculpture

-Performing Arts – opera, dance, theatre, cinema, ballet, concerts: classical, rock, country etc.

-Literature – drama, poetry, novels, short stories, biographies. ( Architecture & Ceramics are often included within the arts )

The noun in plural ― the arts ― covers everything listed above. ―Art ― (singular, uncountable ) usually means fine art, but can also refer to technique and creativity.

E.g. Have you read the arts page in the ― Times ― today ? ( the part of the newspaper that deals with all things coming under the heading ―the arts‖)

She is a great art lover ( loves painting & sculpture ) Shakespeare was skilled in the art of poetry ( creative ability )

WRITING

1.Give Ukrainian equivalents, make up sentences of your own.

a)artistic aim, treatment of light and atmosphere, tinted drawing, rapid pencil sketches, local colouring, immediate studies from nature, to arrive at a perfect mastery of one's means;

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b)plain-air technique, exquisite sense of colour and composition, unerring draughtsmanship, riot of colours, brushwork, diffused light, visual impression, deftness of handling, attain a truthful treatment;

c)line drawing, with infinite skill, relation of tone and colour, reticent in style, gaudy and fierce colouring, masterly execution, add a few finishing touches, finished technique, varnishing day.

2. Give English equivalents, make up sentences of your own.

Модний художник, малювати з пам'яті, малювати міфологічні сюжети, натюрморт, сцени повсякденного життя, випереджати свій час, відображати темні сторони життя, померти бідним і забутим, акварель, виразити людини, уловити швидкоплинний стан, полотно, сімейний портрет, портрет в повний , морський пейзаж, на задньому плані, в нижньому лівому кутку картини, навмисно яскраво обкреслити контури, показати професію персонажа, приглушена палітра, дешева і вульгарна робота, неперевершений шедевр.

4.Translate into Ukrainian.

1.Art is called upon to nurture what is of the very best in human nature. Furthermore, it must instill in people confidence in the triumph of Reason, of Good over Evil. It must imbue people with noble feelings and aspirations. 2. True art elevates the mind and soul of people. 3. Live art appeals to the feelings and ideals of man. 4. Art is truthful only when the artist hopes to stir a warm response in the heart of man. J. Life around us cries for the brush. 6. This canvas awash with light appeals to my taste. 7. The museum contains some priceless works of art. 8. Red and violet are at opposite ends of the spectrum. 9. The furnishings were chosen with impeccable taste.

10.The Tate is an art gallery in London especially known for its encouragement of modern art. 11. There's a lovely Corot in the next hall. 12. The guide promised to show a late Murillo. 14.1. Grabar's picture "March Snow" represents a peasant woman against the brilliant background of a snowed village street. The bright March sunlight,

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the blue shadows of the snow, the chilly early-spring air are beautifully rendered by theartist.

5. Paraphrase each sentence in the text below.

Still life painting was widely practised in Holland during the 17th century. With brilliant mastery the artists convincingly reproduced the beauty of the objects surrounding us in our daily life. All the riches of the earth and of the depths of the sea are found in the amasing wealth of these paintings. The picturesque heaps of fruit, vegetables, game and fish displayed in an unusual array set each other off to a great effect. Each composition is built up around some particular highlights of colour. Some painters are fond of introducing the figures of people or animals, insects, which includes some narrative element.

6. Insert prepositions. Define the -ing forms. Get ready to speak on the topic.

THE IMPRESSIONIST PAINTERS

It was ... 1867 that the academic salons rejected a painting entitled "Impression: Sun Rising" by Claude Monet (1840-1926). Before long impressionism was being applied as a term to the painting of Monet and his associates, such ...

Camille Pissaro, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and August Renoir. These painters rejected the traditional manner... painting. Their idea consisted ... making art free ...

everything academic that had lost freshness. Their main task consisted ... rendering not the exact representation ... things, but the artist's momentary impressions ... them and ... conveying them ... all their spontaneity. They took painting ... ... the studio ...

the open air to reflect the world ... its continual state ... flux, to show the world melting

... the light ... the air, light becoming the main subject... their pictures. The main device ... their painting was ... putting bits ... pure colour ... the canvas leaving it ...

the eye to do the mixing, instead ... mixing it ... the palette. The result ... this was fluidity ... line, freshness ... colour and the image ... the world represented ...

smiling or mysterious. People ... first were accusing the impressionists ... their mocking ... art. But the daring pioneers relentlessly criticized ... the public... the end...

century had been recognized ... the leading school... European painting.

7. A. Translate the dialogue

K. Вибачите, будь ласка. M. Так?

K.Мене цікавить англійський живопис. Чи у вас є у музеї картини англійських майстрів?

M.Так, у нас є невелика, але вишукана колекція англійського мистецтва. От спустіться по цим сходам, перетніть зал імпресіоністів, і ви будете там.

K.Спасибі. Ви, звичайно, знаєте "Портрет герцогині де Бофор" знаменитого художника Гейнсборо?

N.О так. У нас є оригінал цієї картини. Це справді шедевр світового мистецтва.

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