- •The basic areas of research
- •Paradigmatics vs Syntagmatics
- •The concept of choice - The problem of synonymy
- •The problem of the structure of the norm
- •The problem of classification of styles
- •Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
- •5 Subgroups of special literary vocabulary
- •Archaisms
- •Functions of archaisms
- •Stylistic differentiation of words in the English vocabulary.
- •Dialectal words
- •Means of formations.
- •Vulgarisms are course, rude, emotionally strongly charged words and expressions, which are considered too offensive for polite usage.
- •Stylistic phonetics.
- •2 Types of on.: direct and indirect.
- •Graphical expressivity.
- •Semantic structure of a word.
- •I.V. Arnold – 4 components which influence expressivity:
- •Paradigmatic semasiology. Figures of replacement. Figures of quantity. Figures of quality.
- •Transfer based on a real connection (contiguity).
- •Periphrasis
- •Pragmatic semasiology. Figures of quality.
- •Syntagmatic semasiology.
- •Stylistic morphology.
- •Synonyms of morphemes
- •The Noun. (stylistic potential of the noun can be observed in case of transposition of a noun from one word class into another, which creates expressive, emotional, evaluative stylistic connotations.)
- •Interjection
- •Material and abstract nouns (pl)
- •Depersonification
- •The category of case
- •The category of gender
- •The Article and its stylistic potential.
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun.
- •Possessive pronoun
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Symploce
- •Inversion –
- •1) Uttered represented speech
- •2) Unuttered (inner)represented speech
Semantic structure of a word.
The subject matter of lexicology is the word – a language sign which expresses a concept by its forms and meanings. Concept is an abstract or general idea of some phenomenon of objective reality including the subjective feelings and emotions of human beings. General linguistics deals with interrelation between meaning and concept, meaning and sign, meaning and referent. It regards meaning as something stable. Stylistics focuses on the expressive properties of linguistic units, on their functioning and interaction in a certain text or communicative context. The semantic structure of a word is a system of interrelated meanings.
Linguistic meaning is a specific type of content produced by the reflection of objective reality in the human mind. Lexical meaning implies the reflection of the concept, emotion, attitude by means of the language system, whereas grammatical (structural, abstract) meaning reveals relations between words. D
Denotative meaning (logical, referential, direct) carries extralingual information, descrybing the …. It is not connected with the participants of the communication, it is obligatory, indispensible. The knowledge of word denotation is shared by all the speakers of the given language. It makes communication possible. Within a denotative meaning there is a distinction: primary and secondary. Primary is characterized by higest friquency; it is realized in widely different contexts. Secondary meaning occur only in certain contexts, their sphere of application is quite limited.
Another distinction is between dictionary and contextual. Dictionary meaning is registered in the dictionary and comprises the semantic structure of a word. Contextual meanings are additional meanings acquired by word in a context, they are not regarded as components of the semantic structure of a word. E.g. presence – the state of being present – contextual – occupation. Stylistics interprets opposition or clash between the contextual and denotative meanings of a word. Such shifts of meaning are observed in transferred meaning. (Angry man – angry letter). Transferred meaning – interrelation between dictionary and contextual meaning it does not only name the object, but characterizes it through its similarity with another object. Transferred meaning as a result of long use becomes a derivative meaning. Derivative meaning is fixed in the dictionary. (E.g. buccaneer – 1) a pirate; 2) a person who achieves success in a skillful but not always honest way) Sphera – smb from Tibet or Nepal whose job is to help)monkey – a small child who is very active and likes to play tricks.
Nominal meaning – a definite name of the object recognized as a unique object because of its peculiar properties. Typical of proper names. It is a derivative logical meaning. (Smith, Everest) The logical meaning from which these words originate may be forgotten and not easily traced back. The opposite process is observed in eponyms. Eponyms – words in which some recognizable feature of a famous person serves as a basis for the new logical meaning. The nominal meaning fades away. The speakers perceive only the logical meaning. (Pullman – inventor George Pullman; sandwich – diplomat John Montagu, 4th earl of Sandwich) Antonomasia – stylistic term for the eponyms.
Stylistics is engaged in the study of connotative meanings. Connotative meaning – connected with the circumstances and the participants of communication. Speaking about parts of speech, functional parts of speech lack connotations.
personal (individual) connotations reflect the individual reaction to the phenomenon. E.g. teacher
general (universal) connotations – similar reactions of the majority of people to a specific word. E.g. drugs, GM foods, spa-resort
Minaeva: sociolinguistic connotation – association that people from different cultures have with one and the same concept, idea or object. Their different reactions depend on historical, geographical, social and economical factors. E.g. грелка – hot water bottle (“a rubber container filled with hot water and put in bed to warm it”) +color names