- •The basic areas of research
- •Paradigmatics vs Syntagmatics
- •The concept of choice - The problem of synonymy
- •The problem of the structure of the norm
- •The problem of classification of styles
- •Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
- •5 Subgroups of special literary vocabulary
- •Archaisms
- •Functions of archaisms
- •Stylistic differentiation of words in the English vocabulary.
- •Dialectal words
- •Means of formations.
- •Vulgarisms are course, rude, emotionally strongly charged words and expressions, which are considered too offensive for polite usage.
- •Stylistic phonetics.
- •2 Types of on.: direct and indirect.
- •Graphical expressivity.
- •Semantic structure of a word.
- •I.V. Arnold – 4 components which influence expressivity:
- •Paradigmatic semasiology. Figures of replacement. Figures of quantity. Figures of quality.
- •Transfer based on a real connection (contiguity).
- •Periphrasis
- •Pragmatic semasiology. Figures of quality.
- •Syntagmatic semasiology.
- •Stylistic morphology.
- •Synonyms of morphemes
- •The Noun. (stylistic potential of the noun can be observed in case of transposition of a noun from one word class into another, which creates expressive, emotional, evaluative stylistic connotations.)
- •Interjection
- •Material and abstract nouns (pl)
- •Depersonification
- •The category of case
- •The category of gender
- •The Article and its stylistic potential.
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun.
- •Possessive pronoun
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Symploce
- •Inversion –
- •1) Uttered represented speech
- •2) Unuttered (inner)represented speech
Vulgarisms are course, rude, emotionally strongly charged words and expressions, which are considered too offensive for polite usage.
According to Skrebnev, there are 2 groups:
lexical vulgarisms
stylistic vulgarisms
Lexical vulgarisms include expletives (words that express ideas considered unmentionable in civilized society; their function is the same as of interjections) – damn, bloody, to hell, goddam and swear words – 4-letter words of Anglo-Saxon origin.
Lexical vulgarisms are replaced by:
various euphemistic substitutes: Darn it! Son of a gun!
abbreviations: NFG, BFD.
Stylistic vulgarisms – words and phrases, the lexical meaning of which has nothing indecent or improper about it. They express a derogatory attitude of a speaker towards the object of speech, a person or an idea.
Old bean (old man)
Smeller (nose)
Pay dirt (money)
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Stylistic phonetics.
Thus, it deals with rhythmical and rhyme organization of an utterance. All in all, stylistic phonetics is associated with the notion “sound-instrumenting”. That is the stylistic effect that sounds produce in a context. A phoneme has a strong associative and sound-instrumentive power, although it is devoid of denotative and connotative meanings. Due to articulatory and acoustic properties, sounds may evoke different ideas, feelings, and images. This phenomenon is called sound symbolism. The correspondences between the sound and the sense are studied by phonosemantics – a branch of linguistics introduced by Voronin and Zhuravlev, which is the theory of sense-independence of separate sounds and sound-combinations. E.g. gr- = unpleasant, miserable (groan, grumble, grumpy); sl- = “smoothly wet” slippery, slick; [i] = idea of smallness – little, bit, chip; [u:] = melancholy or sorrow – moan, groan, doom, gloom.
Thus, the sound of a word may contribute something to the general idea of the message. All in all, the sounds may be arranged so that to produce 2 effects:
euphony (assonance) – smooth and pleasant effect, sense of ease and comfort in pronouncing or hearing: silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (E.Poe);
cacophony (dissonance) – a sense of strain and discomfort in pronouncing or hearing: Nor soul helps flesh now more that flesh helps soul (R.Browning).
All four phonetic devices can be used to create either euphony, or cacophony:
alliteration – repetition of similar consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables (the merry month of May). The function is to impart a melodic effect, to serve as a musical accompaniment of the author’s idea ([M] – somnolent effect, A.Tennyson);
[D] – anxiety, fear, horror, anguish.
Alliteration I the EL is more extensively used than in Russian, because it is deeply rooted in the traditions of English folklore. In OE poetry alliteration was one of the basic principles of verse, each stressed meaningful word in a line began with the same sound or combination of sounds (the epic Beowulf). This literary device can be traced in English phraseology: in proverbs, sayings, set expressions (as cool as a cucumber; forgive and forget; forewarned is forearmed). Alliteration is a typical device in tongue twisters (Peter Piper…).
Nowadays all. is used in emotive prose, in newspaper headlines, in the titles of books (“Pride and Prejudice”), in slogans (Work or wages!), in commercials (Food, folks and fun (McDonalds, 1990).
assonance (vocalic alliteration) – repeating similar stressed vowel sounds in successive words (every effort employed). Function: similar to that of musical accompaniment, giving some aesthetic environment to the idea. It is very illusive and difficult to grasp.
onomatopoeia – combination of speech sounds, which imitates real sounds produced:
in nature (wind, sea, thunder) – birr (strong wind);
by things (machines or tools) – noise-imitating interjections (bang);
verbs reflecting the acoustic nature of the processes: fizz, swish.
onopatopoeia produced by people ( singing, laughter, movements)
whistle, whisper, paddle, clap, wheeze, jabber
by animals (meow, purr, croak-croak, baa-baa)