- •The basic areas of research
- •Paradigmatics vs Syntagmatics
- •The concept of choice - The problem of synonymy
- •The problem of the structure of the norm
- •The problem of classification of styles
- •Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
- •5 Subgroups of special literary vocabulary
- •Archaisms
- •Functions of archaisms
- •Stylistic differentiation of words in the English vocabulary.
- •Dialectal words
- •Means of formations.
- •Vulgarisms are course, rude, emotionally strongly charged words and expressions, which are considered too offensive for polite usage.
- •Stylistic phonetics.
- •2 Types of on.: direct and indirect.
- •Graphical expressivity.
- •Semantic structure of a word.
- •I.V. Arnold – 4 components which influence expressivity:
- •Paradigmatic semasiology. Figures of replacement. Figures of quantity. Figures of quality.
- •Transfer based on a real connection (contiguity).
- •Periphrasis
- •Pragmatic semasiology. Figures of quality.
- •Syntagmatic semasiology.
- •Stylistic morphology.
- •Synonyms of morphemes
- •The Noun. (stylistic potential of the noun can be observed in case of transposition of a noun from one word class into another, which creates expressive, emotional, evaluative stylistic connotations.)
- •Interjection
- •Material and abstract nouns (pl)
- •Depersonification
- •The category of case
- •The category of gender
- •The Article and its stylistic potential.
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun.
- •Possessive pronoun
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Symploce
- •Inversion –
- •1) Uttered represented speech
- •2) Unuttered (inner)represented speech
The problem of classification of styles
According to the historical period
According to individual authors (Dickensian style – flowery constructions, parallelisms, exhaustive descriptions; Joyce’s style – stream of consciousness; Hemingway’s style – iceberg technique)
According to the level (M. Lomonosov) – grand/sublime style – poetry, epic; middle style – drama; low – comedy.
According to the language (scientific, poetic, referential, etc.)
Y.M. Skrebnev
Binary division into formal and informal
I.V. Arnold – 4 types: poetic, scientific, newspaper, colloquial
I.R. Galperin – 5 types: belles-letters, publicistic, newspaper, scientific prose, style of official documents
Function of language – a definite aim in a particular sphere of life
Cognitive function (interrelation b/w language and mind – with the help of cognitive function we realize our wish to know more about the world, it is through the language that we perceive the world)
Metalanguage function consists in using the language in order to describe and classify the language phenomena (it’s based on the specific type of relationships b/w the object of analysis and the instrument of analysis, which in the science of linguistic is one and the same – language)
Communicative function serves to convey one’s thoughts, colitions, emotions and orders to the mind of the 2nd person
Phatic function consists in establishing contacts with members of speech community (Ex.: How do you do?)
Emotive/expressive function consists in expressing the speaker’s feelings, emotions, his attitude to the addressee or the message (interjections, swear words, exclamations)
Voluntative/appellative is the function of inducement, of urging the addressee to action (Imperative Mood and Complex object constructions)
Aesthetic function is prominent in artistic literature and peculiar imaginative utterances
Magic function – non conventional treatment of the language sign (in taboos, spells, incantations, euphemisms)
Performative Words:
Sold!
With this ring I thee wed!
Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
Neutral – Stylistically Colored Words
(answer – reply – response – rejoinder – retort – return)
Social prestige
The subject of the speech
The character of the communicative sphere
The participants of the communication
Elevation vs. Degradation
Skrevnev’s division of vocabulary
Maximum elevation – poetic words (morn) |
Superneutral |
Medial elevation – expressively bookish and official (sagacity, somnolent) |
|
Minimal elevation – slightly bookish (prevail, inherent) |
|
Neutral |
|
Minimal degradation – colloquial words |
Subneutral |
Medial degradation – jargon, slang, nonce-words |
|
Maximum degradation – indecent, vulgar, swear words |
Galperin’s layers of vocabulary
The literary layer
The neutral layer
The colloquial layer