59-1

УДК 81.432.1

Маклакова, Е.А. Иностранный язык. Английский язык: методические указания к практическим занятиям для студентов по направлению подготовки 19.03.01 «Биотехнология» профиль – Промышленная экология / Е.А. Маклакова, А.А.Илунина; ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ им.Г.Ф.Морозова». – Воронеж, 2017. – 67 с.

Рецензент:

профессор кафедры общего языкознания и стилистики ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский

государственный университет», доктор филологических, наук профессор И.А.Стернин

Методические указания содержат пять модулей, которые включают текстовой материал из аутентичных источников для аннотирования и реферирования, лексические и грамматические задания, сгруппированные по

отдельным практическим занятиям.

Методические указания предназначены для практических и лабораторных

занятий со студентами дневной и заочной форм обучения по направлению подготовки 19.03.01 «Биотехнология» профиль – Промышленная экология

(уровень бакалавриата).

ББК 81.432. 1

© Маклакова Е. А., 2017

© Илунина А А., 2017

© Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет им. Г.Ф. Морозова, 2017

МОДУЛЬ I

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, является ли выражение

The preparation of the logs or trees to be skidded may be done manually with axe or saw or mechanically with feller-bunchers, delimbers and feller-delimbers in the stump area.

а) истинным (соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) b) ложным (не соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) c) неподтвержденным (нет информации в тексте)

A giant sequoia begins to produce seeds after only a few years of life. Mature trees generate about 600 new cones every year, each cone containing a few hundred seeds, as they produce more than 100,000 seeds annually. The mature sequoia holds 10,000 cones in its branches with about two million seeds inside, and a large sequoia may bear as many as 40,000 cones.

Once the seeds reach the forest floor they must overcome many problems before reproduction takes place. If the seeds come to rest on a thick duff of needles and twigs reproduction fails.

Sunlight and nourishment in the forms of moisture and minerals of bare soil must be present. Fire, by clearing the forest floor, encourages such conditions. Of course, in a fire the seeds that already lie on the ground are burned up, too. Therefore, nature provides another way to ensure reproduction of the giant sequoia: its heat that rises in the branches and dries the cones. In a day or so, after the fire has died out, the cones open and release their seeds, which fall on the ashes below and germinate in a few months.

Thus, summer and autumn fires are a part of the natural environment in which the giant sequoia lives. In fact, the mature sugar and yellow pines that live together with the giant sequoia in the mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada all rely on these fires for

their existing. Without fire to clear out the limb canopy overhead, the sunlight would not penetrate to the offsprings of these sun-loving trees and their seedlings would languish in the shadow below. Forest managers have long known that fire is requisite to certain kinds of plant life; however, it is only in recent years that this natural law has begun to be understood by the public.

The forest fires had a major impact on Yellowstone’s backcountry. Still many places in the park have not had recent fires. Even those burned did so to varying degrees. Burning varies from places where entire trees were burned completely to places where only the understory burned and the forest canopy was untouched. This has left the park with patterns of different intensities of burns throughout the forest. These patterns are called fire «mosaics» and are especially visible from overlooks and high peaks such as

Mt. Washburn or Mt. Sheridan.

Forest fires are as much a part of Yellowstone’s ecology as are the grizzly bears, the ospreys, or the pine trees. For thousands of years, lightning has started fires here, and nature has eventually put them out. Fires usually burn themselves out when they come to a stream or river, a wet meadow, a different type of age of tree, or when a rainstorm or snowfall extinguishes them. The number of fires and the extent of the burning depend largely on the weather and the age of the forest. The extremely dry weather and strong winds drive the huge fires.

When a fire strikes a forest, it may burn away the forest canopy. This allows more sunlight to reach the forest floor, and soon grasses, flowers, bushes, and new trees spring up (up to 100 seedlings per square metre). It has been found, that the number of plant species increases after a fire and reaches a peak after about 25 years. Then as the trees grow back up and the forest and the forest canopy again forms, the plant diversity decreases drastically.

The number of mammals and birds also increases after a fire. Grazing animals and root eating rodents are attracted by the sudden abundance of ground plants. Some birds nest in the trees killed by the fires while others come to feed on the insects these trees attract. As the forest grows back and its diversity decreases, the diversity and number of birds, rodents, and grazing animals also decreases.

These burned areas have some good things and some bad things from a hiker’s point of view. The bad is mainly the soot and the heat. The lack of forest canopy lets the sun glare down and the black trees seem to absorb the heat.

On the plus side of the fires is the new undergrowth with the large patches of purple fireweed, yellow arnica, and green grass that seem so much brighter when contrasted with the black background.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Big trees that lean noticeably or have heavy branches on one side ____________ a

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Depending on the timber and operating traditions, skidding may ________ with animals

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

We were wandering if you could offer us a discount on crawler tractors. –

_______________________.

а) I’m sorry, that’s still too high. c) Good. Let us leave it at that.

b) That sounds fine. d) Well, we could certainly discuss it.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

If you are not in an _____________country, such as in Switzerland or France, your business lunch customs will naturally differ from American-style business lunches.

Задание 6. Перед Вами бланк. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером с тем, что она обозначает

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, является ли выражение

Timber rafting is a log transportation method in which logs are tied together into rafts and drifted or pulled across water body or down the river.

а) истинным (соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) b) ложным (не соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) c) неподтвержденным (нет информации в тексте)

When Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872, its advocates wanted to protect an unusual and interesting collection of geothermal wonders. Today, people recognize that the world’s first national park protects much more than geysers and other fascinating geothermal features. Yellowstone is recognized as a great wildlife sanctuary, one of the last places in the nation where the full complement of wildlife that occurred here during the time of Lewis and Clark’s epic journey to the Pacific in 1804 – 1806 still roam free. Yellowstone is also recognized as an important and unique area for scientific study because it has remained, in large part, as it was more than 200 years ago while other such landscapes in the rest of the world continue to disappear.

Scientists from all over the world come to Yellowstone to conduct research on everything from water quality to animal movements and habitat preferences to fire ecology to the unique life forms found in the park’s geothermal waters. Before they are allowed to begin, however, they must submit a research proposal to park management for review and approval. No research is allowed that would threaten or diminish the resources of the park. Any collected for research specimen (for example, plants or insects or even microbes) remain the property of the National Park Service and must be properly cataloged and cared for.

Many different animals are radio collared in Yellowstone. Bison are collared for various research projects, including studies on seasonal movements. Bighorn sheep have been collared in an effort to understand their behavior, movement inside and outside the park, and the locations of specific migration corridor. Wolves are collared so that researches can track their movements and their progress toward recovery. Researchers collared grizzly bears in order to learn more about home range sizes, food habits, habitat use, and behavior pattern. The studies on pronghorn antelope are one of the newest.

As the earth’s human population continues to increase, the remaining wild places take on an added importance in our lives. Yellowstone is the place where personal encounters with nature – an early morning walk in a steamy geyser basin or the haunting howl of a wolf on a moonlight night in the backcountry – provide us with magical moments to recall during our busy lives. However, another intangible of this and other national parks is the value such places hold for science to improve our lives, teach us about other life forms, and to help solve our problems. Despite all that scientists have already learned from studying Yellowstone and its inhabitants, it is a certainty that there are many more exiting things yet to be discovered.

«The place of blue smoke» is what the Cherokee Indians call the great Smoky

Mountains region, at the end of the Appalachian Highlands in the southeastern United States. Long before European settlers arrived on the continent, the mountains were the part of the great Cherokee Nation. About 8,500 Cherokee now live in communities on a reservation on the eastern side of the mountains, where they maintain the traditions of

their people. Unfortunately, only a few older people still remember how to speak the ancient language.

The Great Smoky Mountains are dotted with small towns that were settled by Europeans. There are a number of interesting things to listen to and to look at. Nevertheless, most tourists who visit the area go to the Smokies because of the beautiful mountains and valleys, the changing seasons and the wildlife.

The Smokies are home to more than fifty species of mammals, including the legendary black bear. To preserve the beauty of the region, The U.S. government established The Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It is the most visited national Park in the country, with more than 8 million tourists each year. However, how long can a place with so many visitors remain unspoiled? Because the water in the clouds which give the region its name can hold as much as ten times the amount of pollution and one hundred times the acid rainfall, the trees at the tops of the mountains are dying. Perhaps the Great Smoky Mountains will become just another lost wilderness.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

In the modern commercial logging industry, _________ is typically followed by limbing and skidding.

а) marking b) accessing c) burning d) felling

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Before putting an axe or saw to the tree it is necessary to size up carefully and decide where the tree should ____________.

а) drops b) be dropped c) to drop d) to be dropping

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

Well, I am sure you will understand that is a reasonable offer. – _______________.

а) I hope you have noticed the difference.

b)It was impossible to sign such an agreement.

c)Yes, but I’m sure you could offer a bit more.

d)Everything is correct, but the sum is not calculated.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

These tax benefits in forest industry are created by the _______ Congress to encourage

Задание 6. Перед Вами бланк. Соотнесите информацию под определенным

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, какая часть текста (1, 2, 3)

содержит следующую информацию

а) Open protest against protected areas

b)You participate in doing what I want

c)Conservation is the idea of protected areas

1)When we hear of burned rainforests, disappearing rhinos, threatened pandas or damaged coral reefs, most of us feel that something is wrong. Many of us donate money to support international or (and) national conservation organizations. We feel that we help to protect these threatened habitats and rare species, and we like to think that we

are doing a good job. However, is this full picture? Have we, in the name of conservation, been missing out something important?

Conservation is uniquely tied to the idea of protected areas, in particular national parks. The first of these were set up more than a century ago in Europe and North America. From 2000 protected areas 20 years ago, there are now 8600. They are to be found in 169 countries, covering 792 million hectares – nearly 6 per cent of the world’s land area. However, the global expansion of national parks has been accompanied by a powerful ideology that people are bad for nature, and so the wider public good is best served by keeping them out.

As a result, million have been resettled or prevented from using what were once their resources. In Africa, for example, two-thirds of all protected areas (equal to five times the size of Great Britain) exclude people, allowing no use of wild plants or animals. However, these people value to flora and fauna, which are crucial to their survival, a part of their culture and their way of life. Therefore, they look after them.

2) Those that set up national parks seldom recognize the importance of wild animals and plants to local people. It is often forgotten or not appreciated that the very ecosystems deemed worthy of protection from people have been shaped as much by human action as by any other factor. Some «pristine» rainforests, assumed to be untouched by human hands, are now found to have once supported thriving agricultural communities. This concept of the wilderness is an urban myth that exists only in our imagination.

The problem is that when people are excluded from conservation activities, then the very goals of conservation are threatened. In some places, the restrictions placed on local communities have led to biodiversity loss. After the exclusion of the Masai from their lands in Kenya, game parks have increasingly been taken over by scrub and woodland (and tourism for rich westerners), leaving less grazing for antelopes. The Masai and their grazing cattle in part maintained these rich grassland ecosystems.

Open protest and rallies against protected areas, attacks on guards, poisoning on animals deliberate burning of forests have now become common. When Namibia became independent in 1990, Ovambo tribesmen living on the boundary of Etosha