59-1

or you will loosen the root ball and break roots. Make sure that the root collar is at or above surrounding soil grade. Now start to remove packing materials from the root ball. Ropes and wires that surround the trunk or root collar should always be removed or they will eventually girdle the tree.

Roots must quickly grow from the root ball into the surrounding native soil for the tree to survive. However, untreated burlap breaks down quickly in the soil, treated burlap and some types of pots beak down too slowly to assure good, quick growth out of the root ball. Therefore, if the root ball or potted root system is strong and firm all packing materials should be removed, including pots, wire baskets and burlap.

If the root ball is broken and loose, remove this material carefully and only to the extant that you can keep the root ball together. Backfilling as you remove this material helps keep the root ball intact. Any burlap or potting material that must be left on should be slit in several placed to allow roots to grow through. It is less important but still desirable to remove packing materials left underneath the root ball.

Cleanly cut any circling or damaged roots that are exposed at this point to promote good root growth. Bare root trees should be placed with their root collar positioned as mentioned above and with their root system spread out in the flatbottomed hole or over a shallow mound constructed in the bottom of the hole. Do not bend or kink roots to make them fit. If roots are too long for the hole, either dig the hole wider and deeper or, as a last resort, cut off some root length with sharp hand pruners. Also cleanly cut any crushed, torn, or otherwise damaged roots.

3) Fill the hole with the original native soil – this soil the tree must ultimately move its roots into in order to survive. Large rocks can be removed when backfilling. Up to 25 % by volume of composed organic matter ca be mixed in with the backfill soil if it has a very high clay content and is difficult to work, but in such cases till the soil just outside the root ball 8 to 12 inches deep and several feet wide after planting to ensure good root growth. Otherwise, use no other soil amendments.

Break up large clods as you backfill and pack the soil occasionally to remove air pockets. Pack the soil with your hand or highly with your foot to avoid overcompaction. Straighten the tree and keep its root collar at the right level as you backfill.

Add and pack the soil until it is even with the surrounding soil level and the root collar. If you are purposely planting the tree shallow, mound the soil up to the root collar (bareroot) or cover the sides of the root ball. No roots should be exposed when backfilling is complete and no soil and remove air pockets. Place additional soil where settling occurs but no packing should be done after the soil is wet.

4) Trees are best planted when they are still dormant with tight, unopened buds in the early to mid-spring after the soil has thawed. Moderate temperatures and good soil moisture in the spring help trees get established. Fall planting also works well for many species, though watering will be critical if the fall is dry. Summer planting and container plants can be done successfully, though hot temperatures dry conditions, and non-dormant trees make good care especially important and survival less sure. Bare root trees should be planted only in spring while still dormant.

Задание 2. Выберите один из четырѐх терминов, который соответствует

приведѐнному определению

The _________________ of a forest stand can be defined as the bottom-to-top

Задание 3. Определите значение наречного местоимения

Regardless of the form of ultimate use of piece products, the principle of cost determination is the same.

Задание 4. Вопрос страноведческого характера

What covers an area in east central London north of the River Thames?

Задание 5. Дополните диалог подходящей по ситуации репликой

A.– Do you have room service?

B.– Yes. I will send someone up right away.

A.– Thank you. _________________________.

B.– No, madam.

a)Has anyone left any messages for me?

b)I would like a non-stop flight.

c)Will this be for you?

d)Do you have any luggage?

Задание 6. Определите последовательность частей представленного документа

1) 2) 3) 4)

a)

Mrs A. Everett

Compact Systems

96 Rosewall Drive

Southtown

Dear Mrs. Everett

b)

We would be much obliged if you could dispatch the goods so they reach us not later than 30 July, and look forward to receiving your acknowledgement.

Yours sincerely

P. Barker

c)

SOFTCHAIN Ltd

Foss House, Brigham Street, Live Tel: 051-3876397 Telex: 79284

15 July 2016

d)

Please find enclosed our order, Ord. B7693, for 100 IBM compatible Compact Accounts packages, as discussed in our phone conversation of 12 July.

We have decided to place an order for 100 packages and accept the 20 p.c. trade discount off net list prices as discussed. Payment will be made, as agreed, 30 days after receipt of your invoice.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, является ли выражение

The timber imported from Russia is mainly from natural forests, and is of good quality and offer logs with bigger diameters.

а) истинным (соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) b) ложным (не соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) c) неподтвержденным (нет информации в тексте)

Up to 95 % of a tree’s roots are cut off during transplanting, greatly decreasing its ability to take up water. Nevertheless, water is a tree’s greatest need at planting time and for a year or two after transplanting until a good root system is established. Thoroughly water newly planted trees, applying the water with a hose or bucket to the entire planting area and letting it soak it well.

Watering needs after planting depend on weather, drainage, planting season, and the species you have planted. However, water should be applied to the original planting area out. Apply water often enough so that the soil, near the tree 2 inches below the surface is moist and will form a ball when squeezed. If it is crumbles, it is too dry.

A soil probe or rod with a rounded tip can be used to indicate soil moisture. The rod will penetrate the soil with more resistance as the soil drys. It is possible to over-water a

tree especially in poorly drained soils. Do not water so often or so deeply that the tree’s root system becomes waterlogged. Older, established trees can withstand some soil drying around their root systems, but all landscape trees should be watered regularly during the periods of severe drought.

No fertilizers of any kind should be used at planting time since they decrease root growth and may cause the crown to outgrow the roots. No hormones, extracts, vitamins or other such formulas have been shown to stimulate root growth or help tree establishment. Fertilizing should be done after the tree has recovered from transplanting. This recovery can take 2 or 3 years; longer with larger trees.

A bed of wood chips or coarse organic mulch around a tree’s base greatly increases root and tree health. Maintain a mulch bed around all newly planted and existing trees that extends several feet from the trunk; wider is better. Mulch should be 3 to 4 inches deep and should be renewed as it breaks down.

Keep mulch a couple of inches away from the base of the trunk to avoid root or trunk decay. Airtight plastic sheeting and rock beds should not be used around the trees. Porous weed barriers of woven or matted plastic provide effective weed control but can be difficult to install and maintain and are not effective than an adequate organic mulch layer.

Stalk newly planted trees only where wind is a problem. Guy loosely to allow some stem movement, using canvas strapping or similar materials around the tree to prevent trunk damage. Remove all stalking materials after one or two years.

Thin bark on lower trunks of young trees sometimes is damaged by «sunscald». This damage appears as small cracks or wounds on the bark, especially on the southwest side of the tree. Though the underlying cause is uncertain, sunscald appears to be caused by bark being warmed by the winter sun, becoming less cold hardy, and then being damaged by freezing when the sun sets.

Tree wrap made from corrugated paper or a similar material is often used to help prevent this. However, research has shown few if any benefits to wrapping most trees. In fact, tree wrap may improve conditions for insects and diseases that damage tree

trunks, it decreases the young bark’s ability to make food through photosynthesis, and it has been shown to increase rather than decrease bark temperature fluctuations.

If you choose to wrap your new tree, wrap from the trunk base to one-half of the way up the trunk, overlapping as you go and using masking tape to hold the wrap at the top. Apply wrap in the fall after leaf drop and remove each spring, repeating for no more than two or three years after planting. Do not wrap trees with trunks that will be shaded I the winter.

Damage from feeding or rabbits and mice can be prevented by wrapping wire mesh around lower stems of young trees. Remember to remove or reposition the mesh before it girdles the tree. There are plastic tree shelter tubes. They can be of some benefit to growth and survival of young trees, but further research is needed to prove their worth.

Little pruning should be done at planting time because the young tree needs all the stored food (in the wood) making ability (in the leaves) it can get. Trees should not be

«headed back» at planting time to «balance» the roots and crown.

The tree will naturally loose branches and twigs if balance is needed. These branches will die, at which time they can be removed. Dead, diseased, damaged, or rubbing branches should be removed at planting time. Once the tree is established it becomes important to begin pruning to ensure good form later in life.

Weeds use water and mineral nutrients that would otherwise be available for your newly planted tree. Grassers are especially heavy water users and should not be allowed to grow near young trees. Control weed competition by using a wide mulch bed several inches deep and by pulling weeds or using directed sprays or herbicides as needed.

Herbicides or weed killers that are taken up by roots should not be used since they can harm the tree. Glyphosate is an effective weed killer that can be sprayed on leaves of weedy plants without affecting tree growing nearby. Keep all weed killers off tree leaves, young bark, and sprouts coming from the tree base.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

________ in logging is the process of removing branches from the stem of a fallen tree.

а) Limbing b) Skidding c) Bunching d) Transporting

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

A complete understanding of all terms by both parties prior to the signing of the contract and starting of the work _______ later misunderstanding and difficulties.

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

What rates on fallen timber are you charging these days? – __________________ .

а) Of course, this price is high.

b)That depends on the size of a tree.

c)Here's my card, take it.

d)Oh, it is very simple.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

__________________ identified the division of labor as the source of «the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor».

Задание 6. Соотнесите информацию в графах резюме под определенным номером

стем, что она обозначает

a)Other information

b)Marital status

c)Date of birth

d)Work experience

МОДУЛЬ IV

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, является ли выражение

Timber rafting is a log transportation method in which logs are tied together into rafts and drifted or pulled across water body or down the river.

а) истинным (соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте)

b) ложным (не соответствует фактам, изложенным в тексте) c) неподтвержденным (нет информации в тексте)

Because of the great variety and complexity of the problems that can arise in connection with the establishment of a sawmill, sawmills of the standard type seldom can be installed without special precautions Consideration of the local climatic conditions makes it possible to estimate variations in seasonal supply and their effect on the choice of sawmill.

A factor of grime importance is the consideration of the species of wood. In certain cases, the presence of internal tensions or the danger of warping during seasoning may dictate a special mode of sawing (symmetrical cutting or complete quarter sawing). Knowledge of the resistance of the wood to the penetration of the teeth makes it possible to establish the dimension and the power of the saws.

The choice of the type of sawmill depends also on possibility or impossibility of coordination the rates of operation of the various sawing stations and at the same time ensuring the regular operation of each. If this can be done, it is possible to organize a highly mechanized sawmill entirely analogous to standard type of sawmills.

In addition to the lumber cutting in the mill, pre-sawing preparation of logs and postsawing control of lumber seasoning and other general services are part of sawmill activity. Sometimes the outside-mill activity requires more than half of the total labour force. Therefore it is important to have this outside-mill operation well-organized and mechanized.

Usually the logs are cross-cut before entering the mill For this operation the portable electric chain saws are most convenient. It is preferable to debark some species with heavy bark usually containing sandy particles. For such cases, a mechanical debarker should be used. If a sawmill cuts a major portion of species susceptible to fungus or insect attack, a mechanized tank for dipping treatment should be installed at the remote end of the "green" chain. Transport and stacking of lumber for air seasoning usually requires a sizeable labour force.

The most economical method is to stack the lumber for air seasoning immediately after removing it from the «green» chain. The piles should be of a convenient size for transport by fork-lift. Correct seasoning is a very important sawmill's activity. Whether

kiln or semi-artificial seasoning should be a part of the post-sawing treatment, or natural air seasoning is enough, can be decided according to particular requirements

Sawmilling is one of the world's oldest and most widespread manufacturing processes. Today sawmills are mechanizing and automating at an ever-increasing rate as new tools are adopted to solve the problems of increasing productivity and quality in the process of making lumber from logs. Automation has grown so rapidly as an industrial force that many people are not sure what it is. A definition of automation that has been pretty well adopted by industry is: «Automation is the control of machines by other machines». For example, two men are rolling logs onto the log deck and then onto the carriage, it is manual labour.

Now suppose that these men are replaced with a deck chain, a log stop and loader, and a log turner, and only one man is used on the deck, where he pushes buttons to control the flow of logs to the carriage. This is mechanization. Finally, if a machine is installed to control the deck chain, stop, and loader, so that the logs move toward the carriage automatically, thereby replacing the man who pushed the buttons, it is automation.

Mechanization and automation have been making some advances, in the large sawmills since the time steam engines became available to replace water power. Excess steam was available for use in actuating cylinders for a variety of mechanical needs: to kick logs out of a delivery trough, to move the log carriage back and forth in front of the saw, to turn logs, etc. How with the development of small air compressors and air cylinders even the smallest sawmills can use these devices Hydraulic power and electric motors and controls open the door to mechanization and automation to any size sawmill.

Automation increases production. In moat instances, when men axe replaced by machines, not only the production per men goes up, but the total production of the plant increases. Where machines are used for the physical labour, the men who are placed in the control positions in the modern sawmill, i.e., sawyer, edgerman, trimmerman, can concentrate on making decisions based on their observations and judgment. Meanwhile, the machines do the actual handling and measurement – much more accurately and faster than a human being can.