59-1

R. H. F. GROUP

88 Martins Lane

London

EC2V 6BH

Telephone 701-5883782250

2nd June 2017

Dear Sirs,

It is with great regret that we have to inform you that the material, delivered under Contract No 1258 / 57 do not conform to the specification based on which the contract was signed.

By separate mail, we have sent you a cutting from this material and one piece from the material of the previous consignment, so that you can compare the two and see the difference.

Because of this situation, we sustain heavy losses because we cannot fulfill our contractual obligations to our clients. In this situation, we are prepared to retain the goods if you will reduce the price, say, by 40%.

Awaiting your early reply,

We remain faithfully yours,

John Brown

Department of Sales

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите основную идею текста а) The main factors of wood-processing production

b)Tree selection

c)Sale of standing timber

d)Consumers of the forestry products

Soil provides trees with special support, water, mineral elements (nutrients), and oxygen for the roots. Certain properties, such as soil pH (alkalinity or acidity), drainage, density or compaction, texture, salinity, and structure affect a soil’s ability to provide these benefits to trees.

Some trees are very cold hardy and withstand extremely cold temperatures, while a mild frost kills the others. In some cases, a tree may be cold hardy while dormant but may become active too early in the spring and suffer damage by a late frost. Other species may be able to tolerate very high temperatures and some withstand both extreme cod and heat quite well. Plant hardiness zones have been developed and must be taken in account.

A tree’s shade tolerance can vary from very intolerant to very tolerant and is important if you have a very shaded or very open planting site. Shade intolerant trees rarely do well in shaded areas. Though shade tolerant trees do best in at least partial shade, some also do well in sunny locations.

Some tree species are very drought tolerant and can grow in near-desert conditions while others need access to abundant water at all times. Many heat tolerant species are also drought tolerant. If climatic conditions do not provide enough water irrigation is necessary. However, over watering can weaken or kill trees.

Some tree species or cultivars are highly susceptible to insect or disease pests while others are nearly pest-free. For example, stressed Lombardy poplars are very susceptible to a stem canker and are almost certain to die within 5 to 15 years. Ginkgo has few known pests and is very pollution tolerant. Serious, life-threatening pests like borers and

cancers deserve much more attention and concern than late-season leaf feeding insects or other non-life = threatening pests. Stressed trees often are much more susceptible to pest attack and damage.

Fast growth rate is one of the main interests people have when selecting a tree. Cottonwoods and silver maples can grow many feet in height a year and quickly become large trees. Such fast-growing trees are often short-lived; weak wooded, or quickly outgrow their site. Though planting of some fast-growing trees to establish quickly a landscape may be fine, some slower-growing but longer-lived and more desirable trees also should be planted.

Choose a tree with a mature size that matches the space you have available. Only short trees should be planted near overhead obstructions like power lines. Strongwooded tree crowns can be allowed to overhang a roof but weaker trees should be planted about one-half of their mature crown width away from a building. Trees in groups can be planted close enough that their crowns overlap when they are older, but avoid over-crowding that will lad to poor growing conditions and unhealthy trees.

Tree species and cultivars vary widely in form or crown shape, depending on their branching pattern. Crowns can be tall and narrow (columnar), short an wide, weeping, round, conical, or vase-shaped. Some trees keep their lower branches and foliage as the crown grows while others readily lose their lower branches as they are shaded above. Preferred crown form is a matter of personal taste, but crown form also may be an important factor in matching a tree to a site or to the function, it will serve. For example, columnar trees are useful in narrow areas, trees used in windbreaks and visual screens need to retain their lower branches and foliage, and low or weeping branches should not obstruct sidewalks and driveways.

However, roots can grow along cracks or in voids below, ground space for roots is as important as aboveground space for crowns. Though no firm formula exists for calculating, the soil area or volume needed for a certain sized tree. This area can be of any shape and long narrow areas can be used to connect larger open areas to achieve adequate rooting space. Soil conditions under paved areas often are unfavorable for root growth under pavements and can do quite well under paving bricks or blocks.

The typical life span of a good tree in a suburban neighborhood is 30 to 50 years, while downtown trees may only last 5 to 10 years. As mentioned previously, people tend to plant fast-growing trees that often have short lives. While some of this is all right, homeowners and communities should also plant trees that might grow slower (though some grow quite fast) but that are longer-lived.

Ornamental characteristics are important factors in tree selection even though they usually have little to do with whether a tree can survive and thrive on its site. Ornamental factors to consider include flower and fruit presence and appearance, foliage color and texture, bark characteristics, shade density, fall color, and winter appearance. Some trees have thorns or spines, objectionable odors, a tendency to have basal or root sprouts, or maintenance-related needs that also should be considered.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант словосочетания

The development of satellite navigation systems has proved to be of enormous

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Corporate wood products tend to cost less because of the large volume and small

As you may remember, we have to discuss the terms of delivery. – __________.

а) Yes, of course. Could you manage on Monday?

b)I suppose that suits me too.

c)You do not say so! I hardly believe it.

d)Certainly, I will be present.

Tom Jones

225 Hartman Drive

Portsmouth,

NH 03801

(603) 555-4606-18-15

January 22, 2015

Mr. Howard Speller

General Sales Manager

Speller Automobiles Ltd.

315 Rolling Woods Highway

Dover,

NH 03723

Gentlemen,

We thank you for your letter of 28 June, and are glad to inform you that all the items listed in your enquiry are in stock.

We are enclosing a proforma invoice for the consumer goods you are interested in. We are enclosing details of our terms of payment.

The Head of our Sales Department would be happy to discuss discounts with you if you would kindly let us know how large your orders are likely to be.

We can guarantee delivery in Melbourne within 3 weeks of receiving your instructions.

We assure you that your orders will receive our immediate attention. We are looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours truly,

Tom Jones,

Sales Manager

МОДУЛЬ III

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, какая часть текста (1, 2, 3)

содержит следующую информацию

a)Good or poor soil structure

b)Excessively drained soils

c)Saline soils

d)Ideal soils for root growth

1)Tree planting consists of preparing a planting site, placing the tree, and backfilling. Soil conditions are very important in the planting process. Important soil conditions for tree health are texture, drainage, compaction, pH, salinity, and structure. All of these conditions can be modified to some extent. When soil conditions cannot be adequately modified, or modification is too expensive, tree species and cultivars often can be selected that are tolerant of extremes.

2)Soil texture – soil texture is the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil. Sand particles are large and coarse, silt is smaller, and clay particles are very small. Ideal soils for root growth tend to have a mixture of all three particle size and are called loams.

Such soil have good water and mineral nutrient (element) holding capacity because of the silt and clay, and good drainage, porosity, and air movement because of the sand. Very clayey soils tend to waterlog and hard for roots to grow through. Sandy soils may be droughty and low in mineral content. Soil texture is not easy to change but it is good to be aware.

3)Soil drainage – drainage refers to how quickly a soil drains after water is applied and is affected by texture, structure, porosity, precipitation or irrigation levels, and the slope and landscape position of a site. Soils can be excessively drained, well drained or

poorly drained. Excessively drained soils tend to be coarse textured (sandy) and drain too rapidly to be able to supply much water for plants.

Poorly drained soils usually are fine textured (clayey) and hold water too long which limits soil oxygen. Excessively drained soils can be improved by addition of organic matter or bringing in new soil. Poor drainage can be improved with drain tiles or other artificial drainage systems. Special planting methods can also be used to deal with poor drainage.

4)Soil compaction – good soil for root growth are made up of about one – half soil particles and one – half pore space. Soil compaction occurs when a soil is compressed enough to reduce pore space, decreasing root growth and soil oxygen levels. Vehicle and pedestrian traffic, construction activities, and working of wet soils increase compaction, especially in fine soils. Severely compacted sites like old parking lots, construction sites, or work ways may need to be deeply tilled over the entire site before trees are planted.

Local compaction can be reduced or prevented with mulch beds and traffic control. An augering 2-3 inch diameter hole 8-16 inches deep in a grid around tree reduces compaction. Holes should be left empty and allowed to collapse, or can be tilled with compost or other coarse organic material (called vertical mulching).

5)Soil pH – or reaction is the acidity or alkalinity of a soil and is a good indicator of the availability of many mineral nutrients (elements). Seven is a neutral pH with lower number being acidic and higher numbers alkaline or basic. Trees generally do best in a slightly acidic soil with a pH of 5 to 6,5. Below and above this range certain minerals become less available.

Regular additions of granular sulfur can lower soil pH. Soil salinity – refers to the relative amount of salts in the soil. Saline soils have high accumulations of sodium, chloride, and certain other ions. These ions interfere with nutrient and water uptake, reduce growth and alter plant metabolism, and can cause increased soil compaction.

6)Soil structure – structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into granules, clods, or other forms with space in between. Loose, granular soils are good for trees

because air, water, and roots easily penetrate the many spaces in the soil. Hard, dense, cloddy soils have little room for roots to grow or oxygen and water to penetrate.

Good soil structure may be ruined by working or distributing the soil while it is wet. However, poor structure may improve over time through the action of soil microbes and freezing and thawing, deep tillage is the only way to improve quickly soil structure. If soil conditions are that bad, changes should be made or trees should not be planted.

Задание 2. Выберите один из четырѐх терминов, который соответствует

приведѐнному определению

___________is providing assistance in park planning, satellite photography, park rangers’ training, communications and infrastructure.

Задание 3. Выберите перевод относительного местоимения в предложении

The total timber volume in these forests is estimated to be 11,3 billion cubic meters, of which 8,3 billion cubic meters is so-called mature and over-mature forest.

Задание 4. Вопрос страноведческого характера

The first reported testing on helicopters for logging was in ________ in 1956.

a) Middle East b) UK c) Scotland d) USA

Задание 5. Дополните диалог подходящей по ситуации репликой

A.– Reservations, may I help you?

B.– Yes, please. What do you have available for next week, from the 20th to the 25th?

A.–_________________________.

B.– Yes, I would like to make a reservation for a single room.

a)Do you have a room service?

b)I would like a non-stop flight.

c)Will this be for you?

d)Do you have any luggage?

Задание 6. Определите последовательность частей представленного документа

1) 2) 3) 4)

a)Mr P. Barker Purchasing Manager Softchain Ltd

77 Brigham Street Liverpool Ll34AT

10 April 2015

Your ref: AE/677

Dear Mr. Baker

b)

I am enclosing a copy of our most recent catalogue details of our product range, together with list price. I hope that the information will be of interest to you, and look forward to discussing orders in the near future.

Yours sincerely

Alice·Everett

Marketing Manager

Encl. Compact catalogue, trade price list

c)

COMPACT SYSTEMS

96 Rosewall Drive, Southtown, S03 4BT tel: 0927-423845 telex: 69364

d)

Thank you for your letter of 5 April 2015 in which you asked details of

our range of business applications programs.

Because of the low price of our software, we do not offer a quantity discount; however, if you can give me an indication of the quantity involved, I would be happy to discuss terms further with you. Normally, we would be happy to offer you a 20 p.c. trade discount off net list prices, as requested in your letter, and to accept your terms of payment.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, какая часть текста (1, 2, 3)

содержит следующую информацию

a)Placing the tree

b)Season to plant

c)Preparing the planting site

d)Backfilling

1)Dig the planting hole much wider than the root ball with sloping sides; a hole at least 3 times the root ball width is best. The hole should be just deep enough so the bottom of the root ball will be placed on undisturbed soil and the root collar will be at or above the level of the surrounding soil. The root collar is a flared or swollen area on the trunk where the root system and trunk meet and where the soil contacted the trunk in the nursery.

Loosening the soil in the bottom of the hole has been recommended in the past but this lets the heavy root ball settle and sink causing the tree to be too deep. The sides of the hole may become glazed and smooth during digging if the soil is clayey and moist,

making root penetration difficult. If this occurs roughen the glazed surfaces and open up the soil’s spores and cracks by picking at the soil with the tip of the spade or a trowel.

2) Place the tree in the bottom of the hole onto undisturbed soil with its stem vertical. Handle the tree by its root ball or container to avoid trunk damage. Never drop the tree