59-1

Automation also provides for better, uniform quality, dimensional quality is uniform with automation because it depends on repetition, and repetition is something a man does not do well. Setting dimensions demand a man's full attention, both mentally and physically. This is tiring, and the momentary inattentions lead to variations of thickness, width or length. However, a machine, which is steel, electricity, and compressed air, cannot be tired of repetition.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

In Finland and Sweden all the ________ are annually covered by middle-resolution

satellite images (10-30 m) for account of the state budget.

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

If the price of timber fails ___________, you have earned nothing because commodities

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

How often do I need to make the monitoring of the regional forest settlements? –

_________________________.

a)Mr. Hamilton has signed the contract on monitoring.

b)Please, feel free to call me if you have any questions.

c)This fact is particularly significant for biodiversity conservation.

d)Semi-annually, I suppose, will be enough.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

It will help to protect its rare and endangered _______, and it will assist the efforts in raising public awareness of the park and the multiple values associated with it.

Задание 6. Соотнесите информацию в графах резюме под определенным номером

с тем, что она обозначает

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите, какая часть текста (1, 2, 3)

содержит следующую информацию

а) Protecting wood from weathering and checking

b)Preliminary treatment of wood

c)Wood preservatives

1)The most effective and generally satisfactory of all wood preservatives for treating timbers is creosote. Others an in use and new one are constantly being developed. The wood preservatives, in general, must possess certain qualities. They must be toxic to fungi and destructive to animal life. In addition, they possess the qualities of

permanence, insolubility in water, penetrability, and safety in handling. They must be available at reasonable cost. The most effective combinations are found in the creosotes.

Creosote is a proved preservative, although it may have certain unpleasant qualities of color and odor. It is extremely toxic to wood-destroying agencies, permanent, easy to force into wood, arid reasonable in cost. For timbers placed in exterior use or exposed to the weather, it meets every essential requirement.

2)In treating timbers the application must be made by means of immersion or by a superficial spraying, or brushing, In order to obtain satisfactory results, the special chemicals should be applied in accordance with correct technique. For example, all ordinary creosotes must be heated prior to use.

Paints and stains are essentially protective and decorative coatings, and are not wood preservatives. Their value is great in protecting wood from weathering and checking, but they are not fungi sides in the same sense as creosotes. An unbroken coating of paint will protect wood many forms of insects, but, for woods subject to decay, a surface coating of paint is without permanent value. Tars and petroleums are without value for preserving wood.

3)Wood cannot be treated with most preservatives unless it is free from bark and wet) seasoned. Treatment is given to sound wood only. All bark must be removed from wood that is to be treated in round form. Preservatives cannot penetrate through either outer or inner bark. If the wood is not thoroughly peeled, penetration of the wood will not take place, and a zone fungus infection will result.

Green wood is unsuited to treatment. There fore the wood must be air seasoned. Wood when air will have a moisture content of 15 per cent of its dry weight. Wood to be treated is piled openly and handled so that the seasoning process will not be too rapid at the start. Otherwise, severe surface checking will bike place. Unless the moisture is removed from the wood, the preservative cannot enter.

Wood should be framed to the exact size and shape in which it is used. After reatment the layer of impregnated wood is thin, and sawing will quickly expose untreated wood in which spores will develop. The result will be the growth of the fungus on the wood

inside the treated layers. Obviously, treated wood should be handled with care so that surface abrasions will not expose untreated wood.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Some of the basic terminology connected with ______________ includes felling, processing, stump to landing route, landing to mill route.

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Good business links _________ recently with the Ministry of Trade and Economy of Finland and with some local forest companies.

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

We can discuss different types of wood harvesting systems. –

________________________.

а) Yes, they are, but not for Siberia and the Russian Far East.

b)Great. May I ask you a question first?

c)This fact is particularly significant for biodiversity conservation.

d)That depends on the size of a tree.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

About 90-95 percent of timber traded between _______ and Russia passes through land

CO-OPERATION

The «Parties» shall co-operate and use their best efforts and good faith in the consummation of the barter, purchase and sale transactions contemplated by this agreement.

THE AGREEMENT

«The Parties» agree to form an offshore company for trading commodities between Russia and the rest of the world. The offshore company shall be responsible for procuring any commodity required by «The Purchaser» at prices most favourable to «The Purchaser».

«The Purchaser» shall be responsible for acquiring raw timber materials, commodities and technologies which the offshore company will be required to sell at prices most favorable to «The Parties».

FINANCING

Any of «The Parties» providing finance to the offshore company shall be entitled to the prime interest rate charged by the Alma Bank in Moscow to its most favoured customer plus four percent.

As soon as the offshore company has finance available it must repay any loans provided by any of «The Parties» before it can declare a dividend.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите основную идею текста а) Remote sensing methods in forestry

b)Methods of wood treatment

c)Timber industry in RF

d)Tourism-Based Industry

Treating processes are classified in two broad groups: the pressure and the non-pressure methods. The former use pressures greater than atmospheric. The commercial timbers including crossties, construction timbers, piling, and poles are

treated in large cylindrical retorts under compressed air. Pressure treatment is the most effective of all forms, in that it makes for deep and uniform penetration.

In the pressure processes, the amount of liquid forced into the wood can be controlled accurately. It is, however, necessary with method to treat the entire piece. The timbers are placed into horizontal steel cylinders. The doors arc closed and sealed, and the preservative is admitted and then forced at high air pressure. Pumps are available for moving the heated preservative and creating air pressure.

When the desired amount of preservative has been forced into the wood, the pressure is released and the liquid with drawn. With some processes in order to insure deep penetration, a bath of live steam is applied. The treated wood is allowed to drain and then moved to the storage yards.

Timbers treated in this way are extremely effective in resisting decay and insect damage. It would be of great advantage to the builder to obtain supplies of treated foundation timbers for construction work. Structures, resting on pressure treated timbers would be in no danger of break down from decay or from damage by insects.

The superficial treatments are those in which the preservative is applied to the surface of the wood, and little penetration is expected. The methods are not effective and are advised for use only when better treatment is applied by a brush or spray. A short period of immersion of the wood into a tank of liquid is also possible.

The preservative coats the surface only, and later surface checking immediately wood. The value in terms of increased years of service is light, seldom being more a few years. In brush or spray treatment, the advantage lies in the low expense involved, the ease of application, and the small amount of preservative that need be purchased. Once the first coat has dried, a second should be applied. Green or frozen wood is never treated in this way.

The dipping process also results in a superficial coating only. In this process, the wood is immersed in a container of hot creosote for a period of about 15 min. It provides for an even application of the preservative and insures a thorough coating of all cracks and checks, which may be difficult to reach with a brush or spray.

Of all the non-pressure processes, the hot-and-cold-bath open-tank

process is the most effective. The method requires a tank of suitable size to accommodate the material to be treated. The wood is placed in a bath of hot creosote and held there for a period that may last from 2 to 10 hr. After the hot bath, the wood is removed to a bath of cool oil. The work should be done quickly or the vacuum existing at the end of the hot bath will be obtained. Excellent results are possible if the wood is properly prepared for treatment and the work is well done.

These methods are entirely different from those which have been developed for

creosote treatment. One of the methods uses a preservative consisting of a

number of chemicals, which is applied to green wood in the form of a thin paste.

The paste is brushed on to the wood. The treated wood is then stacked and the pile covered with a tough heavy paper to prevent the loss of moisture by evaporation, and to prevent the washing off the paste by rain. After a period of from several weeks to 3 months, the diffusion of the preservative into the wood is completed, and the piles are uncovered. The wood is then allowed to air-season for a mouth or longer, when it is

ready for use.

The diffusion methods depend upon the moisture in the wood to carry the preservative from the surface inward, and there fore the wood must be treated in green condition. Deep penetration thorough the sapwood, and to some extent into the heartwood is obtained. The length of time required for the preservative to flow into the wood will vary with the quantity used, the kind and condition of the wood, the thickness

of the sapwood, the season of the year, and other factors.

Задание 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Unless some ____________ are paid, investors may lose interest in the timber exporting

Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

It has been agreed that the company ________________ its prices on wood products.

Задание 4. Дополните микродиалог

We can look at investments you can choose for your plans on logging operations. –

____________________________________.

а) This is particularly significant for biodiversity conservation.

b)Yes, they are, but not for this type of forest.

c)Good idea. May I ask you a question first?

d)Yes, we have good business links with some local companies.

Задание 5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа

Logging with ___________________ was common in the Pacific Northwest region in the 1890’s.

FROM: Russline (DEF 450)

POSTED: 15 May, 2000 12.41

SUBJECT: Charter of the Orion

ACTION REQUIRED: reply

TEXT: Please confirm when the Orion will be in Rotterdam and charter rate of USD 32, 21 per ton.

DEF 450 – sent end of mail.

МОДУЛЬ V

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ № 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Определите основную идею текста а) Illegal logging activities

b)Space imaging

c)Wood panel products

d)Pre-export certification scheme

The manufacture of wood panel products has become very popular nowadays. The types or panels used for structural and industrial purposes include particleboard, fiberboard, waferboard, hard board and plywood. Two of the newest boards: particleboard and fiberboard are versatile in both structural and industrial uses.

Particleboard, originally used to replace scarce lumber, now is widely used by furniture and cabinet makers as a cheap substitute for lumber Particle-board, used as a generic tern, represents a variety of wood panel products that are manufactured similarly but look and perform differently, depending on the shape and size of the wood particle used. Panels in this category are particleboard, fiberboard, waferboard and flakeboard. In addition, there is another category of wood panels manufactured from then sheets of wood, adhesively bonded under heat and pressure. Plywood represents this category of wood panels.

Particleboard is a wood panel product manufactured from small pieces of wood such as chips, flakes, slabs, cuttings, etc, bonded together by means or adhesive under heat and pressure. Having smooth and wear resistant surfaces particleboards well suited as a core for wood veneers and plastic laminates. It is available in many sizes and is widely used in furniture manufacture (for tables, desks, case goods, store displays, etc. Particleboard is very popular with the furniture industry because of its dimensional stability and high surface smoothness.

A smooth, clean and parallel surface of particleboard is necessary for successful veneering, lumber banding and plastic banding. Some improvements nave recently been made in particleboard. This applies especially to the very important and promising sphere of surface treatments using plastics, which give to the board some extra properties, required by the modern consumer particularly a housewife. These qualities are: bright and pleasant colours, resistance to heat, abrasion, and chemicals normally used in the house-hold: longevity and easy maintenance (e.g., just wipe with a moist cloth).

There are three main groups of particleboards, produced for building purposes: the first group of light particle boards with a specific weight of 0,25- 0,40/cm3, which have a flexural strength of between 10 and 160 kg/cm2 They are efficient and cheap acoustic insulation boards. Particle boards of medium density with a specific weight of 0,4-0,8 g/cm3 comprise the majority of the production, They have a medium sound absorption, low heat conductivity and a flexural strength of between 150 and 300 kg/cm2. Owing to their excellent dimensional stability, they are used mostly as core material but also as self-supporting building elements for houses, furniture, ships and motor vehicles.

Heavy particleboards represent a small proportion of the production. They are hard boards with a specific weight of between 1,0-1,2 g/cm3 and flexural strength of 200-350 kg/cm2. These panels are used as building elements under great stresses. Flooring elements are made of these hardened particleboards; they can be used in the manufacture of containers for fragile goods, radio and television cabinets, various seats etc. This classification confirms the conclusion that the particleboard industry is one of the most progressive industries in the field of forest products.

Fiberboard is made with wood fibers, refined or partly refined, and bonded with a synthetic adhesive under heat and pressure. Unlike particleboard, fiberboard uses a thermal mechanical process that refines raw materials, such as shavings and chips, to fiber. The pulping process and fiber technology is similar to that used to produce hardboard. Fiberboard is formed and pressed dry in the same manner as particleboard. This panel product may be cut, shaped and processed just like solid wood. It is generally tough and resistant to impact and breakage.