- •Передмова
- •Speech Act Functions and Subfunctions Classification of Illocutionary Acts
- •Felicity Conditions
- •Preparatory conditions
- •Sincerity conditions
- •Essential condition
- •Propositional content conditions
- •Explicit and Nonexplicit Illocutionary Acts.
- •The Performative Hypothesis
- •I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
- •Direct and Indirect Illocutionary Acts
- •Expressed and Implied Locutionary Acts
- •Literal and Nonliteral Locutionary Acts
- •Speech Events
- •Examples of Speech Events Request
- •Compliment
- •Complaint
- •Oral, Written, and Oral-Written Speech Acts
- •Speech Acts and Events Across Cultures: Universality and Ethnospecificity
- •Directives
- •Classification of refusals
- •Representatives
- •Declaratives
- •For each of the following utterances, state (1) the syntactic form, (2) the illocutionary act (I.E. Representative, commissive, etc.) it performs.
- •Assume that each of the following utterances constitutes a nonfelicitous (I.E. Invalid) act of apologizing. Which type of felicity condition is violated by each one?
- •Which of the performative verbs is used in its performative sense in the following utterances.
- •Directives
- •Do you agree with the following strength continuum? Why? Why not? Ask English-speaking instructors or students to rank these sentences.
- •Commissives
- •Speech Events
- •Discourse Completion Practice
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the following:
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the requests taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the offers taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the suggestions taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the invitations taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Miscellaneous
- •Ask English-speaking instructors or students to make up a list and rank the expressions for politeness for
- •Analyze directives and negative commissives in the following extracts.
- •(O.Wilde, Dorian Gray: 166)
- •(O.Wilde, Dorian Gray: 34)
- •Speech Acts in Written Communication
- •Analyse the structure of the following letters. What devices are used to make them polite?
- •Institutional Acts
- •Bernard Shaw (ShWh)1
- •Ib 100 422 Widowers’ Houses. Mrs Warren’s Profession (99). – Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950.
- •Bernard Shaw (ShL)
- •Augustus does his bit
- •B. Shaw “Man and Superman”2 London: Penguin Books 1957 (ShMs)
- •William Archer. Three Plays. (watp)3
- •New York: Henry Holt and Company.
- •Ford, The Good Soldier (Ford,gs)4
- •S f Tender is the Night (sftn)5
- •Gadfly, 29
- •Well, good luck to you. (smt, 57)
- •W. S. Maugham. Painted Veil (mpv)8
- •W. S. Maugham. Cakes and Ale (mca)9
- •W.S. Maugham . Rain and Other Stories (mros)10
- •A Fearless Champion11
- •I guess
- •M. Laurence The Stone Angel (lsa)
- •I wish – 80, 119, 145, 254
- •Good-bye- 92, 256
- •Foster a Room with a View (farwav)13
- •May I ask you what you intend to gain by this exhibition ? farwav 178
- •Farwav , 196
- •Emma and I
- •Galsworthy I, II, III
- •338 I wish - ?
- •“But why not tell them ? They can’t really stop us, Fleur ?”
- •Percieve – 182
- •Dorian, 34
- •Dorian, 167
- •I beg your pardon… Dorian, 48
- •Dorian, 166
- •I believe – 23, 31, 42, 53, 55, 65,107, 119, 145, 150!, 173, 177
- •Hemingway. Farewell 15
- •I hope - 111, 126, 135, 141, 164, 187, 231, 259
- •Primary
- •Secondary (in English)
- •Atiyah p.S.A. Promises & the law of contract. Mind, 1979, 88: 410-418.
- •Ayres Elenn. I daresay! Language lh 1974, 5/3, 454-456.
- •Bates Elizabeth Language & context. Academic Press New-York, 1976. Series: Language, Thought & Culture. Advances in the study of cognition.
- •Bierwiseh Manfred. Semantic strcture and illocutinary force.
- •Boer Steven e, Lycan William g. A performadox in truth-conditional semantics. Lingvistics and Philosophy. N 4/1 41-100
- •Downes William The imperative and pragmatics. Journal of linguistics, 1977, 11/3 77 – 97.
- •Ginet Carl Performativity Linguistic & philosophy 1979, 3/2 245-265
- •(In Russian and Ukrainian)
- •Навчальне видання
- •2 B. Shaw “Man and Superman” London: Penguin Books 1957
- •10 W.S. Maugham . Rain and Other Stories
- •13 Foster a Room with a View
Directives
Direct, request, ask, question, inquire, interrogate, urge, encourage, discourage, solicit, appeal, petition, invite, convene, convoke, beg, supplicate, beseech, implore, entreat, conjure, pray, insist, tell, instruct, demand, require, claim, order, command, dictate, prescribe, enjoin, adjure, exorcise, forbid, prohibit, interdict, proscrice, commission, charge, suggest, propose, warn, advise, caution, alert, alarm, recommend, permit, allow, authorize, consent, invoke, imprecate, intercede. |
In order for directives/requests for action to be heard and interpreted as legitimate, they must satisfy certain felicity conditions (Gordon and Lakoff 1971:64);
Speaker wants hearer to do act.
Speaker assumes hearer is able to do act.
Speaker assumer hearer is willing to do act.
Speaker assumer hearer would not do act in the absence of the request.
According to N.Bonvillain, “directives are particularly sensitive to contexts of speaking and to specific social characteristics of the issue and addressee. Their complexity stems from the fact that a speaker should phrase requests so as to have the greatest likelihood of positive result, namely compliance; but because a social relationship of some sort exists between interlocutors (even if it is one of “stranger”), speakers must be sensitive to addressees’ feelings. An issuer of directives needs to navigate between two extremes of clarity: He must make his request clear enough so that the addressee comprehends the directive intent, yet he must also pay attention to the addressee’s needs not to be imposed on by a blunt presumption of the speaker’s power (1997:111).”
Largely because of the demand directives place on the addressee, and because of the fact that they can be realized by a variety of syntactic forms, the choice of directive type can express a great deal about the social context of discourse and the relative status of the interlocuters, e.g. their age, sex, occupation, and familiarity (Ervin-Tripp, 1976)
Directives can be oriented to various elements of the request matrix (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984:203):
Hearer-oriented: Could you help me?
Speaker-oriented: Do you think I could borrow your book?
Speaker and hearer-oriented: Could we please clean up?
Impersonal: It might be a good idea to get it done.
Directives can be mitigated through various types of linguistic devices (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984:203-205):
Syntactic downdraders or mitigation:
Interrogative: Could you do the cleaning up?
Negation: I wonder if you wouldn’t mind dropping me home?
Past tense: I wanted to ask you for a postponent.
Enbedded “if’ clause: I would appreciate if you left me alone.
Pragmatic mitigation:
Consultative devices (indirectly asking for addressee’s cooperation): Do you think I could borrow your notes from yesterday?
Understaters (minimizing requests): Could you tidy up a bit before I start?
Hedges (avoiding commitment): It would really help if you did something about the kitchen
Downtoner (signalling possibility or noncompliance): Will you perhaps be able to drive me?
Directive Formula Types
Formula type |
Addressee |
Syntactic type |
Primary intent |
Surface SP |
Token |
|
Subordinates |
Declara-tive sentence |
Directive action |
Expres-sive |
I want X I need two more copies. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subordinates or familiar equals; S may have the right to tell H to do smth |
Impera-tive |
Directive action |
Direc-tive |
Leave me alone |
|
Subordinates |
Impera-tive |
Directive action |
Direc-tive |
You get the milk. |
|
Subordinates or familiar equals |
|
Directive action |
|
Coffee, black. |
|
|
|
Directive action |
|
Please |
|
Familiar equals |
|
Directive action |
|
Take some of these, will you? |
|
Familiar equals |
|
Directive action |
|
Give me a copy? |
– command is embedded in another linguistic frame |
|
|
Directive action |
|
|
|
Unfamiliar people; people who fiffer in rank or who are physically distant; someone who is in his/her own territory; someone whose willingness to comply is in doubt |
Interro-gative |
Directive action |
Direc-tive |
1.Would you hand me that chart, please? 2.Can you move your bag over there? 3.How about bringing me a Pepsi when you go to lunch? |
|
Subordinates or familiar equals |
Impera-tive |
Directive action |
Direc-tive |
Let’s place an order with them |
|
Someone who might not comply; also used when there is an obstacle to compliance |
|
Directive action |
|
May I have X? Can I have my notes back? |
|
|
|
Directive action |
|
Is there any X? Do you have X? |
|
Persons with shared rules such as members of the family, people living together, work groups |
Any |
Directive action |
Asser-tion/ Any |
I don’t see X here. What about the X? |
Commissives
Commit, pledge, undertake, engage, promise, hypothecate, guarantee, threaten, vow, avow, swear, assure, certify, accept, agree, consent, acquiesce, abide, reject, refuse, renounce, offer, counter-offer, bid, rebid, tender, dedicate, wager, contract, covenant, subscribe |
Refusal is called a negative commissive. The most common refusal formula is an emphatic statement, a regret statement, and an excuse.