- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
The use of articles depends on the syntactic function of a noun in the sentence.
1. A noun in the subject position is usually preceded by the definite article in its specifying function, or by either of the articles in their generic function. (The way was long. The wind was cold.)
2. With the noun functioning as an object any article can be used depending on how the speaker formulates his thought
3. The use of the article with nouns in the function of an adverbial modifier depends partly on the type of adverbial modifier. In adverbial modifiers of place the definite article is used in its specifying function to identify the exact place. Jane is in the garden.
4. In attributes the indefinite article is used to emphasize the importance and novelty of the noun mentioned.
21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS denote actions and events which involve only one person or thing, the performer of the action. Intransitive verbs can be divided into two main classes: 1) Pure intransitives, which are almost exclusively intransitive, such as appear, fade, rise, rain.
2) Verbs used both transitively and intransitively. a)Some transitive verbs in very restricted contexts can be
used intransitively. For example, when you are contrasting two actions: We gave, he took. b)Some verbs can be used transitively, followed by the object, or intransitively, without the original performer being mentioned. I opened the door and saw Laura. Suddenly the door opened. These verbs are called ergative verbs (The porridge is boiling.) MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS describe events which in addition to the subject involve someone or something else. These verbs take one object (a direct object or a prepositional object). A list of some verbs which are monotransitive: achieve, create, maintain, rent, damage, get.
23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
Ditransitive verbs take two objects, a direct object and an indirect one. These verbs denote actions which involve someone in addition to the people or things that are the subject and object of the sentence. Ditransitive verbs can also take one object followed by a predicate complement: It reminds me of Italy
COPULAR VERBS The most common copular (link verb) is be. Other verbs used as copulas in English provide additional meaning to mere linking. They may be sensory (look, feel, smell, sound, taste); situational (remain, keep, seem, appear) or refer to a process of becoming or changing (become, get, grow).
Get is normal with imperatives referring to a temporary personal condition, as in angry. Don't get excited.
Become is normal with more abstract characteristics. He became ambitious.
Idiomatic expressions with come include:. The buttons on my coat came undone.
Fall denotes passing into a new state or condition.
Go shows passing into a different, often less favorable state (her hair's going grey. The milk went sour.)
Run can be used to show developing or passing into the stated condition. (The well has run dry.)