- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
Complex sentence has 2 or more clauses (main & subordinate)
According to their semantics we distinguish adverbial clauses of place, time, manner, comparison, condition, concession, purpose, cause, result. 1. An adverbial clause of place defines the place or the direction of the action expressed in the principal clause. It may be introduced by the conjunctions where, whence, wherever, everywhere (that) and conjunctive adverbs with prepositions. He said he was happy where he was. 2. An adverbial clause of time characterizes the action expressed in the main clause from the temporal point of view. An adverbial clause of time may be introduced by conjunctions: as, as soon as, as long as, when, whenever,, until, after, before, since and phrasal conjunctions: the time (that), the day (that), the moment, He saw her as he was getting of f the bus 3. An adverbial clause of manner characterizes actions, states, qualities, circumstances. 4. An adverbial clause of comparison., 5. An adverbial clause of condition , 6. An adverbial clause of concession, 7. An adverbial clause of , 8. An adverbial clause of cause expresses the reason, cause, or motivation of the action expressed in the main clause or of its content as a whole., 9. An adverbial clause of result denotes some consequences or result of the action expressed in the main clause. It may be introduced by the conjunctions so that or that. Result clauses always come after the main clause. (He spoke so clearly that we could understand every word.)
35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
Oblique mood forms (Subjunctive II, Conditional and Suppositional) distinguish the categories of aspect, correlation and voice, but they have no tense category. Perfect forms of Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the Suppositional Mood indicate priority to the action expressed by the indicative mood form in the principal clause. Perfect forms always express past actions.
Subjunctive II is used:
1.In adverbial clauses of comparison or manner introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though: His voice broke as if he were going to cry. (simultaneous action) He speaks as if he had never seen me before, (prior action)
2.In adverbial clauses of unreal condition or concession (after the conjunction even if, even though). The principal clause contains a form of the Conditional Mood: I shouldn't take this line if I were you. (present action) Even if they had wanted me to stay I should have refused. (past action)
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1. In adverbial clauses of purpose introduced by the conjunctions so that, lest (literary' style) the non-perfect Suppositional Mood is used or, rarely, Subjunctive I: Mary lowered her eyes so that he should not see the faint dream of amusement in them.
2.In adverbial clauses of concession introduced by though, although, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, etc., the non-perfect Suppositional Mood or Subjunctive I may be used with reference to the present or future: Though he should make every effort he cannot succeed.
In the adverbial clauses of condition referring to the future the Suppositional Mood is used (случилось так, что…) (Should a conflict ever flare up in Europe, it would immediately blow up into a world war.)