- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The compound sentence
The CdS is a sentence which consists of 2 or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own. In a CdS the clauses may be connected syndetically – by means of coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs, or asyndetically.
Types of coordination: 1) Copulative coordination (соединительная связь) – with the help of the conjunctions "and, nor, neither… nor, not only… but (also)" the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another. 2) Disjunctive coordination (разделительная связь) – with the help of the conjunctions "or, else, either… or" and the conjunctive adverb "otherwise" a choice is offered between the statements expressed in 2 clauses. 3) Adversative coordination (противительная связь) – the conjunctions "but, while, whereas" and the CA "nevertheless, still, yet" are connecting 2 clauses contrasting in meaning. 4) Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-следственная связь) – the conjunction "for" introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement, the conjunction "so" and the CA "therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly" introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result.
The complex sentence
The CxS consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Clauses may be linked syndetically – by means of subordinating conjunctions or connectives (has a syntactic function), or asyndetically. A SC may follow precede, follow or interrupt the PC. A CxS may contain 2 or more homogeneous clauses coordinated with each other. A SC may be subordinated to the PC or to another SC (the first, second, etc. degree of subordination).
Subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the PC (What I want to do is…). If the SC follows the PC the introductory "it" is used in the PC (It was possible that they have done so). SC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether"; 2) By the connectives "who, which, what, whoever, whatever; where when, how, why"; 3) Asyndetically (It's a pity…).
Predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative. In the PC only a part of the predicate is found – a link verb, which together with the PrC forms a compound nominal predicate. PrC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether, as if" (My attitude is that…); 2) By connectives "who, which, what; where, when, how, why" (The question was…); 3) Asyndetically (The thing was they had to…).
Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate verb of the PC (I don't know what you are talking about). An OC may also refer to a non-finite form of the verb (I wanted to ask…), to an adjective (He was conscious…), or to a word belonging to the part of speech expressing state (She was aware…). OC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether"; 2) By the connectives "who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever; where, when, how, why"; 3) Asyndetically (She said…). An OC is sometimes preceded by the intro. "it" (I insist upon it that…).